Stockholm is a graceful city that is easy to navigate, and every corner of it is full of beauty and charm. The old town, Gamla Stan, is a sketch on the parchment pages of an ancient tome, and the modern city center is a real dream for fans of big cities and lovers of good cuisine. Outside the city, royal palaces are reflected in clear lakes, and dark scarlet houses are scattered here and there along the gray-green slopes of the islands.
Stockholm city history.
In 1187, a fortified point began to be built on the site of a fishing settlement. The first buildings arose on the island of Stadsholmen, located very strategically at the mouth of the strait connecting Lake Mälaren with the Baltic Sea. The first mention of Stockholm as a city dates back to 1252. It is believed that it was founded by Rixgrave Birger Jarl, the future king, the founder of the Folkung dynasty. The city was founded in order to protect Sweden from enemy attacks from the Baltic Sea and to stop the robbery of other cities on Lake Mälaren, in particular Sigtuna. By the end of the 13th century, Stockholm began to expand to the north and south of the Old Town, and it was built according to a well-thought-out plan.
Stockholm city history.
Due to its favorable geographical location, Stockholm quickly gained influence as a trading city, trading with Lübeck and the Hanseatic cities. It was here that the famous trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” began. Stockholm also developed thanks to craft production, especially iron smelting. In 1397, Sweden entered into a union (union) with Denmark, after which conflicts began between the allies, among which Denmark occupied a dominant position. The rebellious Stockholm in 1520 was taken by the Danes and severely punished by King Christian II, but already in 1523 Sweden broke the union and became an independent kingdom with its capital Stockholm. Stockholm was officially declared the capital in 1634, and not a single city in the entire subsequent history of the state has challenged this primacy.
Stockholm city history.
In the 17th century, Stockholm became one of the richest cities in Europe, and the most developed city in the Scandinavian region. By the end of the 17th century, Stockholm became the country's largest exporter of iron and cast iron. At the beginning of the 17th century, a Russian merchant colony arose in Stockholm. This happened after Sweden’s victory in the next war with Russia, when in 1617, according to a peace treaty, Russia lost Eastern Karelia and Ingermanland and lost access to the Baltic Sea. Russian merchants were allowed to have trading yards in the capital and other coastal cities, build houses and churches.
Stockholm city history.
At the beginning of the 18th century. A severe plague epidemic broke out in the city, killing a third of the capital's population. The period from the 18th to the 19th centuries was characterized by the rapid development of the capital's industry: large-scale industry was formed, private banks were opened, and a railway was laid. The economic growth of the city was accompanied by an increase in the capital's population. In 1848, during the period of revolution in Europe, revolutionary unrest also raged in Stockholm. Since 1901, the Nobel Committee has been meeting in Stockholm, and award ceremonies for Nobel laureates are held annually.
Attractions. Gamla Stan.
Stockholm's old town, Gamla Stan, is one of the most beautiful historical centers in Europe. It looks like it came straight out of the pages of a children's book - with ancient houses, palaces and narrow cobbled streets. It is here that the majestic royal palace rises, where the royal family has lived since 1754. The main attractions of the old town are: several museums: the Nobel, the Middle Ages, the Post Office and the Royal Coin Cabinet; Churches of St. Nicholas and Riddarholmen.
Gamla Stan.
Gamla Stan will take you back to Stockholm's distant past. Most of the attractions are centered around Vasterlanggatan and Stora Nygatan, but if you delve into the labyrinth of quiet, winding streets, you will see the city as it was in the Middle Ages. When talking about Gamla Stan, it is impossible not to mention Stortorjet Square. The square is surrounded by lovely old buildings and is usually filled with cheerful holidaymakers; nothing reminds us that this square was once the scene of a bloodbath. The massacre took place in 1520 and is known as the Stockholm Bloodbath. In memory of this tragic event, a red house was built on the square, the facade of which is decorated with small white bricks, there are exactly as many of them as the number of people who died as a result of the terrible massacre. (Metro Gamla Stan)
Norrmalm.
This is the modern center of Stockholm and is the area where the city begins for most travelers. The main train station and the main bus station are located here, and most of the boutiques, luxury hotels, trendy bars and restaurants, as well as several interesting cultural sites are concentrated here.
Sergels Square (Sergels Torg).
Start your exploration of Norrmalm at the spacious Sergels Torg. Sergels Torg, which translated into Russian sounds like “Sergel Square,” is located in the very heart of Stockholm. It has two levels. The square stretches from west to east and consists of three parts. In the center of the square stands a 38-meter glass column by sculptor Edwin Erström Crystal. People nicknamed the glass column in the center of the square “The Pointer”, and local architects joke about it that the project could not stand up to reality, because Eternal technical problems became constant companions of Kristall. (Metro T-Centralen)
Clara kyrka.
From Sergel Square you can see the tall spire of Klara kyrka. was founded on this site back in the 1280s, but under Gustav Vasa in 1527 it was destroyed, and from those distant times only two doors of the altar cabinet have been preserved in the church. Construction of the new church began in 1572 under Johan III, who invited one of the Dutch architects to Sweden specifically for this purpose. The church is surrounded on all sides by other buildings, so from afar it can only be seen thanks to its spire. It reaches 116 meters in length and is the second tallest in Sweden and Scandinavia (after Uppsala Cathedral), the church is also the fifth tallest building in Sweden. (Metro T-Centralen)
Church of St. James.
To the east of Sergel Square there is another interesting church - the Church of St. James. It is dedicated to the Apostle James, the patron saint of travelers. Due to its location - surrounded by Kungsträdgården, the Royal Opera and the Royal Palace, it is the central church of the Swedish capital. The modern building of the Church of St. James has a fairly long history of construction, and as a result, it includes a wide range of architectural styles, such as late Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque.
Norrmalm, or "Northern Land of Gravel and Sand" (which is what linguists and historians believe the area's name means), combines modern squares with ancient churches, skyscrapers and centuries-old parks. The area keeps many secrets and mysteries, which can only be solved by walking along its wide modern streets.
Island park Djurgården.
Next we go to the island park of Djurgården - this is a real promised land for those who love museums. Most of Stockholm's best museums are located here: Skansen, Vasa Museum, Museum of Modern Art, Nordic Museum. And around them are gardens and parks, through which a river flows leisurely, bicycle paths stretch, and picnic fields are scattered here and there - and all this is across the bridge from the very center of Stockholm. The neighboring island of Skepsholmen is home to two large museums, and from there you can get into the center via a small pedestrian bridge.
Södermalm.
Another beautiful area is Södermalm. You'll know you're in the right place when a magazine like Vogue names your neighborhood as the third most exclusive urban area in the world. Of interest here are the Stockholm City Museum, an observation deck overlooking Gamla Stan, as well as the Mariaberget observation deck, which offers excellent views of the Old Town and Normalm.
Kungsholmen.
Until recently, tourists hardly noticed this area, but now it is gaining popularity. This is a quiet area, mainly with residential buildings, parks and a long embankment. Here is also one of the most important architectural and practical buildings in Stockholm - Stockholm City Hall. The majestic town hall rises above the city, hiding its charming interiors with its stern façade.
Stockholm, located on fourteen rocky islands, has rightfully earned the honorary title “Beauty on the Water”: surrounded by the blue surface of the water, immersed in greenery, it draws tourists into the wonderful world of the alleys of the Old Town exuding the aroma of vanilla and cinnamon buns, beckons with the chic boutiques of Östermalm, captivates with the art galleries of Södermalm and the powerful architectural masterpieces of Norrmalm.
- the capital of Sweden, as well as one of the largest Scandinavian cities, famous for its colorful buildings and the “Stockholm syndrome” discovered here. The name of the metropolis translates as “island fortified with stilts” or “island on pillars.” This reflects the characteristics of the area: Stockholm, with a population of 921 thousand inhabitants, occupies 14 islands, which are connected by bridges.
Video: Stockholm
Basic moments
The picturesque city lies on Lake Mälaren where it flows into the Baltic Sea. Both world wars spared Stockholm and its magnificent buildings, preserving its Nordic flavor for travelers.
The city is home to the Riksdag, ministries and the Supreme Court, as well as the seat of the Catholic bishop. The Swedish capital has something to show tourists: the city has over 100 museums, churches and castles. Stores in Stockholm satisfy the needs of the most demanding customer. The city will not disappoint lovers of nightlife either.
From a fortress castle to a large city
Stockholm was first mentioned in historical chronicles in 1252. The founder is considered to be Jarl Birger - known as the “king without a name”. Under his leadership, a fortress grew on the island of Stadholmen. The location turned out to be so successful that trade began to flourish in these places. But the local residents did not live in peace - in the 15th century there was an uprising. The rebels called for Sweden to secede from Denmark. But the uprising failed, and its leaders were executed.
In 1634, the city acquired a proud status - it was called the capital of the Kingdom of Sweden. In the 19th century, Stockholm already occupied 14 islands. In the 19th century, the population of Stockholm increased sharply from 75 thousand to 300 thousand inhabitants, which led to the emergence of a number of social problems: until 1861, the city had no sewerage system, and it was considered almost the dirtiest city in Europe. But today Stockholm is one of the most beautiful and cleanest capitals in the world. About 1.6 million people live in the city and its surroundings.
Among the important milestones in the development of the city is the establishment of an award ceremony for Nobel laureates at the beginning of the 20th century. You can get acquainted with the history of the city thanks to the exhibits collected in the Historical Museum. Most of it is devoted to the medieval history of the settlement.
Getting to know the center
The central and oldest district, Gamla Stan (Old Town), is spread over three islands. Here you will see the Bunde mansion, the House of Elders, and the German Church - the most famous buildings in the city. The main pride of the area is the Royal Palace. Nearby are the Armory and the Treasury. The Nobel Museum and the Knight's House are also located here.
The center of the ancient district is occupied by the Great Square. A mass execution took place here in the 15th century due to an uprising. They say that the number of snow-white stones on the façade of the red building corresponds to the number of dead. In addition to the famous sights, in the center you can take a look at the narrowest street. Its width is only 90 cm.
Famous sights of the capital
The pride of Stockholm is the Royal Palace. The building was designed by a representative of the Scandinavian Baroque, Swedish architect Tessin Jr. This is the largest active residence in the world, so tourists do not have access to all rooms of the palace. But what they manage to see is impressive: state regalia in the treasury, ancient military equipment in the Armory, luxurious furnishings of the premises. You can also regularly observe the changing of the guard - every day at 12:15, and on Sundays at 13:15.
Do you want to touch the oldest building? The first stone building is considered to be the Church of St. Nicholas - it was erected in 1264. Inside there is a huge hall, impressive height of the vaults, many benches. Even pens with Masonic symbols speak of antiquity. This is the main cathedral of the country, and to this day the coronation of Swedish monarchs takes place here. There is a statue of St. George the Victorious made of oak, as well as his relics. On the occasion of holidays, the church is decorated, for example, for Christmas, installations on biblical themes are installed. At the entrance you can purchase a short booklet, including in Russian. From time to time, organ music concerts are held in the Church of St. Nicholas. Together with the Royal Palace, the temple forms a wonderful composition.
Not far from the cathedral there are two more attractions - the Swedish Academy of Sciences and the Nobel Library. The Nobel Museum is located in the same building as the “temple of knowledge”. All exhibits echo the most prestigious award. You can find out information about Alfred Nobel, Nobel laureates and their works.
The symbol of Stockholm is the City Hall, located on the island. Kungsholm. This place is associated with Nobel laureates - banquets and balls in honor of the famous award are held here. Today the building is occupied by the City Council and the Central Administration of the city. First, you should view the City Hall from afar. The building with a tower with three royal crowns looks majestic. The building stands on the shore of the pristine Lake Mälaren, where rainbow trout live. The 20th century building has an adjacent courtyard. The 106-meter tower has an observation deck, which is open from May to September.
The main hall of the town hall is made of handmade bricks, and its area is comparable to the size of a football field (1600 sq. m). The building houses a powerful organ made of 10 thousand pipes, and houses a Golden Panel depicting historical subjects. There are also excursions here - in Swedish and Russian.
Another “classic” attraction is the Knight’s House. This building is considered the most beautiful in Stockholm. It was erected in the 17th century. The hall is designed in the late Renaissance style. The statues decorating the building symbolize virtue. In past centuries, meetings of the upper house of parliament were held here, and today the nobility of Sweden meets here three times a year.
Visit the elegant hall of the Stockholm Opera. In terms of its decoration, it is not inferior to the palaces of the monarchs of Sweden. The majestic hall is designed for a thousand guests, framed with patterns and sculptures of the 18th century. The golden foyer amazes with the shimmer of crystal.
All sights of Stockholm
Museum Island
The Swedes called one of the islands, Djurgården, a museum island. There are a variety of museums here: botanical museums, the famous ABBA group, the fabulous “Junibakken” with Carlson and the Moomins... Are you interested in painting? Take a look at the estate of Prince Eugene, where, in addition to paintings, ancient statues are kept. The Nordic Museum houses a collection that introduces the peculiarities of Scandinavia.
The most visited museum is the Vasa ship, a kind of “time machine”. This is the Swedish Titanic: a lot of hopes were placed on the vehicle. The ship was one of the largest in the 17th century; it was decorated with 700 different sculptures. The order to build the ship was given by the King of Sweden. But the shipbuilders made a mistake, and the first trip to sea ended unsuccessfully - the Vasa sank. Only 300 years later the ship was raised to the surface, restored, and today tourists visit it. At Vasa, everyone can immerse themselves in the history of the museum ship. You can download audio files on the museum’s official website to make your walk more enriching.
A monument of Swedish folk architecture - the Skansen Ethnographic Museum. It is stylized to resemble old-time Sweden. Under centuries-old oak trees there are ancient buildings: about 150 wooden houses, miniature churches, windmills, outbuildings from the town hall. The employees are dressed in national costumes and demonstrate the main activities of the ancient Swedes. This is one of the oldest open-air museums, as it has been operating since the 19th century. In addition to the ethno-park, there is a zoo and attractions.
The Til Gallery is located on the same museum island. It is ready to surprise tourists: woolen panels depicting birds, a hall with huge flowers and lizards in the spirit of “The Lord of the Rings”, portraits of Nietzsche... Scandinavian art is famous for its creativity and spontaneity.
Or maybe the world of Astrid Lindgren is close to you? You need to set aside at least an hour for the Museum of Fairy Tales of the famous writer “Junibacken”. The mini-trip takes place on a fairy-tale train. You will visit Carlson's roof, "become" miniature like Nils, encounter a giant rat and be able to play pranks with Pippi.
Among the significant museums is the historical one, whose collections include specimens from the 16th century. There is an exhibition of works from the Viking period. Underground behind thick walls there is a Golden Pantry where treasures are located. This is a huge collection of Viking gold - it was found in treasures and burials. Also check out the music museum, where you can even play some musical instruments. And in the Swedish capital there is a museum of dance, post office, porcelain, army, toys, police... It is better to allocate at least a day to visit cultural institutions! There are about 80 museums in Stockholm.
City from above
After exploring the sights and museums, do you want to take a closer look at Stockholm? Head to the small island of Södermalm. The ancient Katarina ski lift is located here. This is a venerable “citizen” - it appeared in 1880 and became the very first ski lift on the planet. Its height is more than 40 meters. From the top platform there is a wonderful view of the surrounding area. Tourists also look at the city from the Kaknastornet television tower. Even the islands of the Stockholm archipelago are visible. The height of the object is impressive - 337 meters! Although the observation deck is protected by glass, you can go up one floor. There is only a fence made of mesh and the wind is blowing. The observation deck is open from 9 am to 10 pm (in summer), from 10:00 to 21:00 during the rest of the period.
Another observation deck is at the town hall. Its height is 106 meters. There is an official tour of the rooftops. In 1.5 hours, tourists can stroll through the most interesting sites of the Old Town, take unusual pictures and listen to educational information.
Picnic areas
Stockholm is considered the green capital of Europe. A popular place is the central park, connected to the historical center by bridges. Another famous object is about. Långholmen, where locals go for picnics. The island of Djurgården has wonderful beaches, impressive nature, and a bird sanctuary. Take a look at the Flower Corner (Rosendals Garden). The garden is located in the center of the island. This is a beautiful place with greenhouses and flowers. More than 100 varieties of apple trees are collected in this place.
In the Kungsholmen area near the embankment there is a convenient bike path. Nearby is a path that goes around the municipality and leads to the beaches. In the northern part of Stockholm is Hagaparken Park. In broad daylight, you can see deer, roe deer, and foxes here. The park contains the residence of Princess Victoria and the Butterfly House.
Festival time
Stockholm doesn't skimp on festivals. They are dedicated to everything - ancient music, jazz, cinema, culture... The Taste Stockholm festival opens at the beginning of June. For 2.5 euros in the main square of the city you can try dishes presented by different restaurants and cafes. The tasting process is accompanied by music of different styles. In July, a street festival takes place in Central Park. For several days, the bowl of the fountain turns into a platform where world-famous acrobats, jugglers, breakdancers and clowns perform. In mid-August, the Stockholm Cultural Festival is held, which brings together half a thousand events. Film screenings, concerts, literary cafes and exhibitions - you name it! And most importantly, attending any event is free.
listen)) is the capital and largest city of Sweden. Located on the channels connecting Lake Mälaren with the Baltic Sea.
Since the thirteenth century, Stockholm has been a major economic center of the country. Today it is the largest Swedish city (921,504 inhabitants (), 9% of the country's population), which has self-government. 1,252,020 people live in the suburban area of Stockholm (data for 2005) - this is the most populated area in Sweden. At the same time, the population of the Stockholm metropolitan area is 2,109,202 people.
City name
The name is Stockholm, where the Swedish. stock- “pillar, pile”, Swedish. holme- “island” can be translated as “an island fortified with piles” or “an island on pillars.” According to another etymology, the name is from Swede. stack- “bay”, that is, “an island in the bay”.
Story
Due to its favorable geographical location, Stockholm quickly gained influence as a trading city. In the XIV-XV centuries. Germans made up a quarter of the population of Stockholm and half of the magistrate. Only after 1471 did the Swedes manage to regain their key positions in the management of the city.
In Stockholm at the end of the 15th century, the Swedish national hero Sten Sture led a major anti-Danish uprising, calling for Sweden's independence from Denmark. On November 8, 1520, the King of Denmark ordered the execution of all the instigators of the Swedish uprising. These events became a national tragedy in Sweden and were called the Stockholm Bloodbath.
Every day at noon, a colorful changing of the guard ceremony takes place near the royal palace.
Climate
Stockholm's climate is temperate maritime with mild winters and cool summers. In the entire history of meteorological observations, neither severe frosts nor scorching heat have been recorded. Winters in Stockholm are much warmer and milder than in Moscow, Kazan, Ufa, Minsk, Kharkov and other cities in eastern Europe located at lower latitudes, this is due to the strong influence of the Gulf Stream. Summer in the city is cool, the temperature very rarely exceeds 25 °C.
| Climate of Stockholm | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | Jan. | Feb. | March | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year |
| Absolute maximum, °C | 11,5 | 12,7 | 18,3 | 27,0 | 28,6 | 32,0 | 34,2 | 35,1 | 27,9 | 20,9 | 13,4 | 12,4 | 35,1 |
| Average maximum, °C | 0,3 | 0,6 | 4,1 | 10,3 | 16,3 | 20,0 | 22,9 | 21,4 | 16,2 | 10,2 | 4,7 | 1,4 | 10,7 |
| Average temperature, °C | −2,3 | −2,5 | 0,2 | 4,9 | 10,3 | 14,4 | 17,4 | 16,5 | 12,0 | 7,2 | 2,5 | −0,9 | 6,6 |
| Average minimum, °C | −5,1 | −5,5 | −2,8 | 0,7 | 5,6 | 10,0 | 13,2 | 12,4 | 8,1 | 4,1 | 0,0 | −3,7 | 3,1 |
| Absolute minimum, °C | −29,1 | −28 | −23,5 | −10,5 | −4,6 | 0,3 | 3,4 | 2,6 | −3,9 | −10 | −18,3 | −24,6 | −29,1 |
| Precipitation rate, mm | 39 | 27 | 26 | 30 | 30 | 45 | 72 | 66 | 55 | 50 | 53 | 46 | 539 |
| Water temperature, °C | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 13 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 7 |
| Source: , | |||||||||||||
| Climate of Stockholm (airport) over the last 10 years (2004-2013) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Index | Jan. | Feb. | March | Apr. | May | June | July | Aug. | Sep. | Oct. | Nov. | Dec. | Year |
| Average maximum, °C | −0,2 | −0,1 | 4,0 | 11,3 | 16,3 | 20,1 | 23,0 | 21,5 | 16,8 | 10,5 | 5,3 | 1,6 | 10,8 |
| Average temperature, °C | −2,1 | −2,6 | 0,3 | 6,4 | 11,3 | 15,2 | 18,4 | 17,2 | 13,0 | 7,5 | 3,4 | 0,0 | 7,3 |
| Average minimum, °C | −4 | −5,1 | −3,4 | 1,5 | 6,3 | 10,4 | 13,8 | 12,8 | 9,2 | 4,5 | 1,5 | −1,6 | 3,8 |
| Source: | |||||||||||||
Population
The Stockholm region is home to almost 20% of Swedish citizens, and generates up to 25% of Sweden's GDP.
Geographical name Stockholm changed over time. At the beginning of the 19th century, Stockholm officially consisted of those areas that are today called the city center, which is approximately 35 km² or 1/5 of the current area of the city. In subsequent decades, other regions were also considered Stockholm, for example Brännkyrka, which then had 25,000 inhabitants, annexed in 1913, and Spånga in 1949. The first clear boundaries of the city appeared in 1971 - with the annexation of the Hansta district. In 1982, another satellite joined the city - Sollentuna and since then the city's boundaries have not officially changed.
Population of Stockholm from 1750 to the present day
| Year | Stockholm | Sweden | % of Stockholm in the country's population |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1750 | 60 018 | 1 780 678 | 3,4 |
| 1800 | 75 517 | 2 347,303 | 3,2 |
| 1850 | 93 070 | 3 482 541 | 2,7 |
| 1900 | 300 624 | 5 136 441 | 5,9 |
| 1910 | 342 323 | 5 522 403 | 6,2 |
| 1920 | 419 440 | 5 904 489 | 7,1 |
| 1930 | 502 213 | 6 142 191 | 8,2 |
| 1940 | 590 503 | 6 371 432 | 9,3 |
| 1950 | 744 143 | 7 041 829 | 10,6 |
| 1960 | 808 294 | 7 500 161 | 10,8 |
| 1970 | 740 486 | 8 091 782 | 9,2 |
| 1980 | 647 214 | 8 317 937 | 7,8 |
| 1985 | 659 030 | 8 358 139 | 7,9 |
| 1990 | 674 452 | 8 590 630 | 7,9 |
| 1995 | 711 119 | 8 837 496 | 8,0 |
| 2000 | 750 348 | 8 882 792 | 8,4 |
| 2005 | 771 038 | 9 047 752 | 8,5 |
| 2007 | 788 269 | 9 127 058 | 8,6 |
Over the past decade, a huge number of vacancies have been created in companies that develop and implement the latest technologies. World famous companies IBM, Ericsson and Electrolux are based here. In the north of Stockholm, in the Chista district, there is a reputable IT center.
Stockholm is a major financial center. The headquarters of the largest banks in Scandinavia are located here - Swedbank, Handelsbanken, and Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken. The insurance companies Skandia and Trygg-Hansa are also located here. Stockholm is home to the famous Stockholm Stock Exchange ( Stockholmsborsen). Overall, more than 45% of all Swedish companies have their headquarters in Stockholm. The equally large company H&M is also based in Stockholm.
Over the past 15 years, tourism has come to play a key role in the city's economy. In 1991-2004, the number of tourists wishing to visit the city increased greatly. The number of hotels and entertainment venues for city guests is growing. About 7.5 million tourists visit the city every year.
Number of employees in the largest companies in Stockholm:
Transport
The city has had a metro since 1950, with 100 stations on three lines with a total length of 105.7 km.
The city also has 4 unconnected tram lines and three commuter rail systems, one of which is narrow gauge (891 mm). It is interesting that all rail transport routes have a common numbering (7, 12, 21, 22 - trams; 10, 11, 13, 14, 17-19 - metro; 25-29, 35-37 - railway lines). There are also bus and river transport.
There are 3 airports in Stockholm. Stockholm-Arlanda International Airport is located 42 km north of Stockholm. There is also Bromma Airport, which is located within the city, and Skavsta Airport, 95 km south of the city.
Science and education
Scientific centers and large educational institutions were founded in Stockholm in the 18th century. Here, both research by various scientists and training in various specialties were carried out - for example, astronomy and medicine. The Stockholm Observatory was founded. Medical education was concentrated in. ( Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan, or KTH) was founded in 1827 and is the largest technological institute in Scandinavia to this day. Up to 13,000 students study here. Stockholm University was founded in 1878, although it received the status of a full-fledged university only in 1960. In 2004, 35,000 students studied at the university. Natural science institutes were created - the most famous of them is the Swedish Museum of Natural History - and a botanical garden Bergianska trädgården. The Stockholm School of Economics was founded in 1909 and is one of the few private universities in the country. 
Stockholm has institutes for fine arts, music and many other educational institutions. The Royal High School of Music in Stockholm was founded in 1771 and is one of the oldest high schools of music in the world, and the Royal University of Fine Arts dates back to 1735. Historically it was associated with the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts. The Swedish Academy of Mimicry and Gesture became an extension of the Royal Dramatic Theatre. The famous Swede Greta Garbo worked there. Other schools were also created - the Konstfack School of Design (appeared in 1844), the Stockholm University Opera College (founded in 1968, although it had ancient roots), the University College of Dance and Stockholms Musikpedagogiska Institute(University College of Music Education). 
Södertörn College only emerged in 1995 as a multidisciplinary institution in southern Stockholm. It became an alternative to educational institutions located in the north of the region.
- Military Academy Karlberg, the world's oldest military academy, which is located on the original site. It was founded in 1792 and is based in Karlberg Palace;
- Ersta Sköndal University College;
- Stockholm School of Theology ( Teologiska Hogskolan, Stockholm);
- Swedish School of Sports and Health - ( Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, or GIH);
- (Lärarhögskolan i Stockholm).
Culture
As the capital of Sweden and a major European city, Stockholm is known for its rich culture. Famous people lived and worked here, and various cultural institutions were founded. In 1998, Stockholm was elected European Capital of Culture.
Theaters
- Folk Opera
- Stockholm Contemporary Dance Theater
- Chinese theater
- Musical theater "Yoeta Leyon"
Literature
The famous poet and composer Karl Mikael Bellman (1740-1795), playwright and artist August Strindberg (1849-1912), short story writer Hjalmar Söderberg (1869-1941), and children's writer Astrid Lindgren (1907-2002) lived and worked in Stockholm. Their original works are still kept in Stockholm. Significant contributions to Swedish culture were made by the Stockholmer, Nobel Prize winner in literature Eivind Jonsson (1900-1976), as well as the popular poet and composer Evert Tob (1890-1976). Novelist Per Anders Vogelström (1917-1998) wrote a series of historical stories about life in Stockholm in the 19th and mid-20th centuries.
In the 16th century, the kings of Stockholm began collecting a collection of books, manuscripts and geographical maps - now this collection is known as the National Library of Sweden, the 17th largest library in the world and the 10th largest in Europe.
Festivals
Every year in November the city hosts numerous festivals, such as:
- Stockholm Culture Festival
- Baltic festival
- Stockholm Jazz Festival
- Contemporary Art Festival Sound of Stockholm
- Rock festival Popaganda
Museums
Stockholm is a famous museum center in Europe. In total, the city has more than 80 museums, which are visited annually by up to 9 million people.
- The National Museum of Sweden contains a huge art collection: 16,000 paintings and 30,000 handicrafts. This collection was founded during the time of Gustav Vasa, in the 16th century, and was replenished with works by the world's most famous artists, in particular Rembrandt and Antoine Watteau. All these works, coupled with the works of Swedish artists, made up the lion's share of the Swedish cultural heritage. The museum features works by Alexander Roslin, Anders Zorn, Johan Sergel, Karl Larsson, Karl Fredrik Hill, Ernst Jozefson and others.
The Museum of Modern Art (Stockholm) has one of the best collections of 20th century art in Europe. It houses works by such authors as Picasso and Salvador Dali.- Skansen is an open-air ethnographic museum complex that contains many buildings from different regions of Sweden.
- The Nordic Museum (Nordiska museet) is a museum of Nordic culture.
- Junibacken is a children's cultural and entertainment center dedicated primarily to the works of Astrid Lindgren.
- Vasa (ship) - a warship that sank in 1628, now raised to the surface and functioning as a museum.
- The Royal Palace is the current residence of the Swedish royal family.
- Riddarholmen Church is a church in the historical center of Stockholm, the tomb of the Swedish monarchs until 1950.
- Swedish Museum of National Antiquities (State History Museum) - contains a large archaeological collection.
- Swedish State Natural History Museum (Naturhistoriska museet) - State Natural History Museum and Cosmonova Cinema, IMAX cinema with the world's largest screen.
- Livrustkammaren is the oldest Swedish museum, located in the basement under Kungliga Slottet in Stockholm.
- The Architecture Museum is located on the island of Skeppsholmen in Stockholm.
- House-museum of Prince Eugene "Waldemarsudde" on Djurgården - art gallery.
- Army Museum.
- The Nobel Museum is a museum dedicated to the Nobel Prize, its founder and Nobel laureates.
- Transport Museum contains a huge number of vehicles and tells the story of the development of public transport in Stockholm from the 19th century to the present.
- Museum of Music and Theater. Collection of puppets and musical instruments.
- Alcohol Museum (Spritmuseet).
- ABBA Museum.
Music
Architecture
The oldest district of the city is called Gamla Stan (Old Town) and is located on a small island in the very center of the city. Here you can find the places where the construction of Stockholm began in medieval Sweden. There are quite famous buildings here, such as the German Church, as well as various mansions and palaces: the House of Elders, the Bunde Mansion, the Tessin Mansion and the Oxenstierna Palace. The oldest building in the city is Riddarholm Church, built in the 13th century. A fire in 1697 destroyed the city's main medieval castle, Tre Krunur, and the Stockholm Royal Palace was rebuilt in the Baroque style. Stockholm Cathedral was the center of the Stockholm diocese along with the former castle. Despite the fact that the cathedral was founded in the 13th century, five centuries later it was radically rebuilt and is not considered an ancient building. It is also decorated in Baroque style.
Active expansion of the city began in the 15th century. Then Stockholm went beyond the boundaries of the current old city. Now only a few buildings from the pre-industrial era can be found in Södermalm. During the industrialization of the country, Stockholm grew quite quickly, and the architectural plans for the development of the city were borrowed from large European cities - Berlin and Vienna. At this time, many buildings appeared in the city that can still be seen to this day. The Royal Swedish Opera was founded, and buildings for wealthy people in Strandvägen were also developed.
The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a surge of patriotic sentiments, including in architecture. In search of national identity, architects reproduced elements of Swedish buildings from both the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The most notable new building in the city center was Stockholm City Hall, erected in 1911-1923 according to the design of Ragnar Östberg (Swedish). Ragnar Östberg). Stockholm City Hall still houses the city government, but it is also a tourist attraction with daily excursions. A banquet in honor of the Nobel Prize is being held at the town hall. The awards ceremony takes place at the Concert House (Swedish). Konserthuset). During these same years, one of the high-rise dominants of the city, the Engelbrekt Church, was built.
In the 1930s The Stockholm Public Library and the Forest Cemetery were created based on the innovative designs of Gunnar Asplund. Every Swede can use the library's services absolutely free of charge. The Forest Cemetery is the only World Heritage Site located within the Swedish capital.
Attractions include: Blue Gate; Stockholm City Hall; Katarinahissen - lift with observation deck Kaknestornet; Stockholm TV Tower; Ericsson Globe (Globe) is the largest spherical structure in the world, with a diameter of 110 meters and a ceiling height of 85 meters, visible from a great distance; Gröna-Lund - amusement park; Blue Line of the Stockholm Metro.
see also
Write a review about the article "Stockholm"
Notes
Links
- // stockholmtown.com
An excerpt characterizing Stockholm
During his stay in Bald Mountains, everyone at home dined together, but everyone felt awkward, and Prince Andrei felt that he was a guest for whom they were making an exception, that he was embarrassing everyone with his presence. During lunch on the first day, Prince Andrei, involuntarily feeling this, was silent, and the old prince, noticing the unnaturalness of his state, also fell gloomily silent and now after lunch went to his room. When Prince Andrei came to him in the evening and, trying to stir him up, began to tell him about the campaign of the young Count Kamensky, the old prince unexpectedly began a conversation with him about Princess Marya, condemning her for her superstition, for her dislike for m lle Bourienne, who, according to According to him, there was one truly devoted to him.The old prince said that if he was sick, it was only because of Princess Marya; that she deliberately torments and irritates him; that she spoils little Prince Nikolai with self-indulgence and stupid speeches. The old prince knew very well that he was torturing his daughter, that her life was very hard, but he also knew that he could not help but torment her and that she deserved it. “Why doesn’t Prince Andrei, who sees this, tell me anything about his sister? - thought the old prince. - What does he think, that I’m a villain or an old fool, I moved away from my daughter for no reason and brought the French woman closer to me? He doesn’t understand, and therefore we need to explain to him, we need him to listen,” thought the old prince. And he began to explain the reasons why he could not stand his daughter’s stupid character.
“If you ask me,” said Prince Andrei, without looking at his father (he condemned his father for the first time in his life), “I didn’t want to talk; but if you ask me, then I will tell you frankly my opinion about all this. If there are misunderstandings and discord between you and Masha, then I can’t blame her at all - I know how much she loves and respects you. If you ask me,” continued Prince Andrei, getting irritated, because he was always ready for irritation lately, “then I can say one thing: if there are misunderstandings, then the reason for them is an insignificant woman, who should not have been her sister’s friend.” .
At first the old man looked at his son with fixed eyes and unnaturally revealed with a smile a new tooth deficiency, which Prince Andrei could not get used to.
- What kind of girlfriend, darling? A? I've already spoken! A?
“Father, I didn’t want to be a judge,” said Prince Andrei in a bilious and harsh tone, “but you called me, and I said and will always say that Princess Marya is not to blame, but it’s the fault... this Frenchwoman is to blame...”
“And he awarded!.. he awarded!” the old man said in a quiet voice and, as it seemed to Prince Andrei, with embarrassment, but then suddenly he jumped up and shouted: “Get out, get out!” May your spirit not be here!..
Prince Andrey wanted to leave immediately, but Princess Marya begged him to stay another day. On this day, Prince Andrei did not see his father, who did not go out and did not allow anyone to see him except M lle Bourienne and Tikhon, and asked several times whether his son had left. The next day, before leaving, Prince Andrei went to see his son's half. A healthy, curly-haired boy sat on his lap. Prince Andrei began to tell him the tale of Bluebeard, but, without finishing it, he became lost in thought. He was not thinking about this pretty boy son while he was holding him on his lap, but was thinking about himself. He searched in horror and found in himself neither remorse for having irritated his father, nor regret that he (in a quarrel for the first time in his life) was leaving him. The most important thing for him was that he was looking for and did not find that former tenderness for his son, which he hoped to arouse in himself by caressing the boy and sitting him on his lap.
“Well, tell me,” said the son. Prince Andrei, without answering him, took him down from the pillars and left the room.
As soon as Prince Andrei left his daily activities, especially as soon as he entered into the previous conditions of life in which he had been even when he was happy, the melancholy of life gripped him with the same force, and he hurried to quickly get away from these memories and find something to do quickly.
– Are you going decisively, Andre? - his sister told him.
“Thank God I can go,” said Prince Andrey, “I’m very sorry that you can’t.”
- Why are you saying this! - said Princess Marya. - Why are you saying this now, when you are going to this terrible war and he is so old! M lle Bourienne said that he asked about you... - As soon as she began to talk about this, her lips trembled and tears began to fall. Prince Andrei turned away from her and began to walk around the room.
- Oh my god! My God! - he said. – And just think about what and who – what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! - he said with anger, which frightened Princess Marya.
She realized that, speaking about the people whom he called nonentities, he meant not only m lle Bourienne, who made him misfortune, but also the person who ruined his happiness.
“Andre, I ask one thing, I beg you,” she said, touching his elbow and looking at him with shining eyes through tears. – I understand you (Princess Marya lowered her eyes). Don't think that it was people who caused the grief. People are his instrument. “She looked a little higher than Prince Andrei’s head with that confident, familiar look with which they look at a familiar place in a portrait. - The grief was sent to them, not people. People are his tools, they are not to blame. If it seems to you that someone is to blame for you, forget it and forgive. We have no right to punish. And you will understand the happiness of forgiving.
– If I were a woman, I would do this, Marie. This is the virtue of a woman. But a man should not and cannot forget and forgive,” he said, and, although he had not thought about Kuragin until that moment, all the unresolved anger suddenly rose in his heart. “If Princess Marya is already trying to persuade me to forgive me, then it means I should have been punished a long time ago,” he thought. And, no longer answering Princess Marya, he now began to think about that joyful, angry moment when he would meet Kuragin, who (he knew) was in the army.
Princess Marya begged her brother to wait another day, saying that she knew how unhappy her father would be if Andrei left without making peace with him; but Prince Andrei replied that he would probably soon come back from the army again, that he would certainly write to his father, and that now the longer he stayed, the more this discord would be fueled.
– Adieu, Andre! Rappelez vous que les malheurs viennent de Dieu, et que les hommes ne sont jamais coupables, [Farewell, Andrey! Remember that misfortunes come from God and that people are never to blame.] - were the last words he heard from his sister when he said goodbye to her.
“This is how it should be! - thought Prince Andrei, driving out of the alley of the Lysogorsk house. “She, a pitiful innocent creature, is left to be devoured by an out-of-mind old man.” The old man feels that he is to blame, but cannot change himself. My boy is growing up and enjoying a life in which he will be just like everyone else, deceived or deceiving. I'm going to the army, why? - I don’t know myself, and I want to meet that person whom I despise, in order to give him a chance to kill me and laugh at me! And before there were all the same living conditions, but before they were all connected with each other, but now everything has fallen apart. Some senseless phenomena, without any connection, one after another presented themselves to Prince Andrei.
Prince Andrei arrived at the army headquarters at the end of June. The troops of the first army, the one with which the sovereign was located, were located in a fortified camp near Drissa; the troops of the second army retreated, trying to connect with the first army, from which - as they said - they were cut off by large forces of the French. Everyone was dissatisfied with the general course of military affairs in the Russian army; but no one thought about the danger of an invasion of the Russian provinces, no one imagined that the war could be transferred further than the western Polish provinces.
Prince Andrei found Barclay de Tolly, to whom he was assigned, on the banks of the Drissa. Since there was not a single large village or town in the vicinity of the camp, the entire huge number of generals and courtiers who were with the army were located in a circle of ten miles in the best houses of the villages, on this and on the other side of the river. Barclay de Tolly stood four miles from the sovereign. He received Bolkonsky dryly and coldly and said in his German accent that he would report him to the sovereign to determine his appointment, and in the meantime he asked him to be at his headquarters. Anatoly Kuragin, whom Prince Andrei hoped to find in the army, was not here: he was in St. Petersburg, and this news was pleasant for Bolkonsky. Prince Andrei was interested in the center of the huge war taking place, and he was glad to be free for a while from the irritation that the thought of Kuragin produced in him. During the first four days, during which he was not required anywhere, Prince Andrey traveled around the entire fortified camp and, with the help of his knowledge and conversations with knowledgeable people, tried to form a definite concept about him. But the question of whether this camp was profitable or unprofitable remained unresolved for Prince Andrei. He had already managed to derive from his military experience the conviction that in military affairs the most thoughtfully thought-out plans mean nothing (as he saw it in the Austerlitz campaign), that everything depends on how one responds to unexpected and unforeseen actions of the enemy, that everything depends on how and by whom the whole business is conducted. In order to clarify this last question, Prince Andrei, taking advantage of his position and acquaintances, tried to understand the nature of the administration of the army, the persons and parties participating in it, and derived for himself the following concept of the state of affairs.
When the sovereign was still in Vilna, the army was divided into three: the 1st army was under the command of Barclay de Tolly, the 2nd army was under the command of Bagration, the 3rd army was under the command of Tormasov. The sovereign was with the first army, but not as commander-in-chief. The order did not say that the sovereign would command, it only said that the sovereign would be with the army. In addition, the sovereign did not personally have the headquarters of the commander-in-chief, but the headquarters of the imperial headquarters. With him was the chief of the imperial staff, Quartermaster General Prince Volkonsky, generals, adjutants, diplomatic officials and a large number of foreigners, but there was no army headquarters. In addition, without a position under the sovereign were: Arakcheev - a former minister of war, Count Bennigsen - the senior general of the generals, Grand Duke Tsarevich Konstantin Pavlovich, Count Rumyantsev - chancellor, Stein - a former Prussian minister, Armfeld - a Swedish general, Pfuhl - the main compiler campaign plan, Adjutant General Paulucci - a Sardinian native, Wolzogen and many others. Although these persons were without military positions in the army, they had influence due to their position, and often the corps commander and even the commander-in-chief did not know why Bennigsen, or the Grand Duke, or Arakcheev, or Prince Volkonsky was asking or advising this or that. and did not know whether such an order was coming from him or from the sovereign in the form of advice and whether it was necessary or not necessary to carry it out. But this was an external situation, but the essential meaning of the presence of the sovereign and all these persons, from a court point of view (and in the presence of the sovereign, everyone becomes a courtier), was clear to everyone. It was as follows: the sovereign did not assume the title of commander-in-chief, but was in charge of all the armies; the people surrounding him were his assistants. Arakcheev was a faithful executor, guardian of order and bodyguard of the sovereign; Bennigsen was a landowner of the Vilna province, who seemed to be doing les honneurs [was busy with the business of receiving the sovereign] of the region, but in essence was a good general, useful for advice and in order to always have him ready to replace Barclay. The Grand Duke was here because it pleased him. The former minister Stein was here because he was useful to the council, and because Emperor Alexander highly valued his personal qualities. Armfeld was an angry hater of Napoleon and a general, self-confident, which always had an influence on Alexander. Paulucci was here because he was bold and decisive in his speeches, the General Adjutants were here because they were everywhere where the sovereign was, and, finally, and most importantly, Pfuel was here because he, having drawn up a plan for the war against Napoleon and forced Alexander believed in the feasibility of this plan and led the entire war effort. Under Pfuel there was Wolzogen, who conveyed Pfuel’s thoughts in a more accessible form than Pfuel himself, a harsh, self-confident to the point of contempt for everything, an armchair theorist.
In addition to these named persons, Russian and foreign (especially foreigners, who, with the courage characteristic of people in activity among a foreign environment, offered new unexpected thoughts every day), there were many more minor persons who were with the army because their principals were here.
Among all the thoughts and voices in this huge, restless, brilliant and proud world, Prince Andrei saw the following, sharper, divisions of trends and parties.
The first party was: Pfuel and his followers, theorists of war, who believed that there is a science of war and that this science has its own immutable laws, laws of physical movement, bypass, etc. Pfuel and his followers demanded a retreat into the interior of the country, retreats according to the exact laws prescribed by the imaginary theory of war, and in any deviation from this theory they saw only barbarity, ignorance or malicious intent. The German princes, Wolzogen, Wintzingerode and others, mostly Germans, belonged to this party.
The second game was the opposite of the first. As always happens, at one extreme there were representatives of the other extreme. The people of this party were those who, even from Vilna, demanded an offensive into Poland and freedom from any plans drawn up in advance. In addition to the fact that the representatives of this party were representatives of bold actions, they were also representatives of nationality, as a result of which they became even more one-sided in the dispute. These were Russians: Bagration, Ermolov, who was beginning to rise, and others. At this time, Ermolov’s well-known joke was spread, allegedly asking the sovereign for one favor - to make him a German. The people of this party said, remembering Suvorov, that one should not think, not prick the map with needles, but fight, beat the enemy, not let him into Russia and not let the army lose heart.
The third party, in which the sovereign had the most confidence, belonged to the court makers of transactions between both directions. The people of this party, mostly non-military and to which Arakcheev belonged, thought and said what people usually say who do not have convictions, but want to appear as such. They said that, without a doubt, war, especially with such a genius as Bonaparte (he was again called Bonaparte), requires the most profound considerations, a deep knowledge of science, and in this matter Pfuel is a genius; but at the same time, one cannot help but admit that theorists are often one-sided, and therefore one should not completely trust them; one must listen to what Pfuel’s opponents say, and to what practical people, experienced in military affairs, say, and from everything take the average. The people of this party insisted that, having held the Dries camp according to Pfuel's plan, they would change the movements of other armies. Although this course of action achieved neither one nor the other goal, it seemed better to the people of this party.
The fourth direction was the direction of which the most prominent representative was the Grand Duke, the heir to the Tsarevich, who could not forget his Austerlitz disappointment, where he, as if on display, rode out in front of the guards in a helmet and tunic, hoping to bravely crush the French, and, unexpectedly, finding himself in the first line , forcibly left in general confusion. The people of this party had both the quality and the lack of sincerity in their judgments. They were afraid of Napoleon, saw strength in him, weakness in themselves, and directly expressed this. They said: “Nothing but grief, shame and destruction will come out of all this! So we left Vilna, we left Vitebsk, we will leave Drissa. The only smart thing we can do is make peace, and as soon as possible, before they kick us out of St. Petersburg!”
This view, widely spread in the highest spheres of the army, found support both in St. Petersburg and in Chancellor Rumyantsev, who, for other reasons of state, also stood for peace.
The fifth were adherents of Barclay de Tolly, not so much as a person, but as a minister of war and commander in chief. They said: “Whatever he is (they always started like that), but he is an honest, efficient person, and there is no better person. Give him real power, because war cannot go on successfully without unity of command, and he will show what he can do, as he showed himself in Finland. If our army is organized and strong and retreated to Drissa without suffering any defeats, then we owe this only to Barclay. If they now replace Barclay with Bennigsen, then everything will perish, because Bennigsen has already shown his inability in 1807,” said the people of this party.
The sixth, the Bennigsenists, said, on the contrary, that after all there was no one more efficient and experienced than Bennigsen, and no matter how you turn, you will still come to him. And the people of this party argued that our entire retreat to Drissa was a most shameful defeat and a continuous series of mistakes. “The more mistakes they make,” they said, “the better: at least they will sooner understand that this cannot go on. And what is needed is not just any Barclay, but a person like Bennigsen, who already showed himself in 1807, to whom Napoleon himself gave justice, and such a person for whom power would be willingly recognized - and there is only one Bennigsen.”
Seventh - there were faces that always exist, especially under young sovereigns, and of which there were especially many under Emperor Alexander - the faces of generals and a wing of adjutants, passionately devoted to the sovereign, not as an emperor, but as a person, adoring him sincerely and disinterestedly, as he adored him Rostov in 1805, and seeing in him not only all the virtues, but also all human qualities. Although these persons admired the modesty of the sovereign, who refused to command the troops, they condemned this excessive modesty and wanted only one thing and insisted that the adored sovereign, leaving excessive distrust in himself, openly announce that he was becoming the head of the army, would make a himself the headquarters of the commander-in-chief and, consulting where necessary with experienced theorists and practitioners, he himself would lead his troops, which this alone would bring to the highest state of inspiration.
The eighth, largest group of people, which in its sheer numbers related to others as 99 to 1, consisted of people who did not want peace, nor war, nor offensive movements, nor a defensive camp either at Drissa or anywhere else. there was no Barclay, no sovereign, no Pfuel, no Bennigsen, but they wanted only one thing, and the most essential: the greatest benefits and pleasures for themselves. In that muddy water of intersecting and entangled intrigues that swarmed at the main residence of the sovereign, it was possible to accomplish quite a lot of things that would have been unthinkable at another time. One, not wanting to lose his advantageous position, today agreed with Pfuel, tomorrow with his opponent, the day after tomorrow he claimed that he had no opinion on a certain subject, only in order to avoid responsibility and please the sovereign. Another, wanting to gain benefits, attracted the attention of the sovereign, loudly shouting the very thing that the sovereign had hinted at the day before, argued and shouted in the council, striking himself in the chest and challenging those who disagreed to a duel, thereby showing that he was ready to be a victim of the common good. The third simply begged for himself, between two councils and in the absence of enemies, a one-time allowance for his faithful service, knowing that now there would be no time to refuse him. The fourth kept accidentally catching the eye of the sovereign, burdened with work. The fifth, in order to achieve a long-desired goal - dinner with the sovereign, fiercely proved the rightness or wrongness of the newly expressed opinion and for this he brought more or less strong and fair evidence.
All the people of this party were catching rubles, crosses, ranks, and in this fishing they only followed the direction of the weather vane of the royal favor, and just noticed that the weather vane turned in one direction, when all this drone population of the army began to blow in the same direction, so that the sovereign the more difficult it was to turn it into another. Amid the uncertainty of the situation, with the threatening, serious danger that gave everything a particularly alarming character, amid this whirlwind of intrigue, pride, clashes of different views and feelings, with the diversity of all these people, this eighth, the largest party of people hired by personal interests, gave great confusion and vagueness of the common cause. No matter what question was raised, the swarm of these drones, without even sounding off the previous topic, flew to a new one and with their buzzing drowned out and obscured sincere, disputing voices.
Of all these parties, at the same time that Prince Andrei arrived at the army, another, ninth party gathered and began to raise its voice. This was a party of old, sensible, state-experienced people who were able, without sharing any of the conflicting opinions, to look abstractly at everything that was happening at the headquarters of the main headquarters, and to think about ways out of this uncertainty, indecision, confusion and weakness.
The people of this party said and thought that everything bad comes mainly from the presence of a sovereign with a military court near the army; that the vague, conditional and fluctuating instability of relations that is convenient at court, but harmful in the army, has been transferred to the army; that the sovereign needs to reign, and not control the army; that the only way out of this situation is the departure of the sovereign and his court from the army; that the mere presence of the sovereign would paralyze the fifty thousand troops needed to ensure his personal safety; that the worst, but independent commander-in-chief will be better than the best, but bound by the presence and power of the sovereign.
At the same time, Prince Andrei was living idle under Drissa, Shishkov, the Secretary of State, who was one of the main representatives of this party, wrote a letter to the sovereign, which Balashev and Arakcheev agreed to sign. In this letter, taking advantage of the permission given to him by the sovereign to talk about the general course of affairs, he respectfully and under the pretext of the need for the sovereign to inspire the people in the capital to war, suggested that the sovereign leave the army.
The sovereign's inspiration of the people and the appeal to them for the defense of the fatherland - the same (as far as it was produced by the personal presence of the sovereign in Moscow) inspiration of the people, which was the main reason for the triumph of Russia, was presented to the sovereign and accepted by him as a pretext for leaving the army.
X
This letter had not yet been submitted to the sovereign when Barclay told Bolkonsky at dinner that the sovereign would like to see Prince Andrei personally in order to ask him about Turkey, and that Prince Andrei would appear at Bennigsen’s apartment at six o’clock in the evening.
On the same day, news was received in the sovereign's apartment about Napoleon's new movement, which could be dangerous for the army - news that later turned out to be unfair. And that same morning, Colonel Michaud, touring the Dries fortifications with the sovereign, proved to the sovereign that this fortified camp, built by Pfuel and hitherto considered the master of tactics, destined to destroy Napoleon, - that this camp was nonsense and destruction Russian army.
Prince Andrei arrived at the apartment of General Bennigsen, who occupied a small landowner's house on the very bank of the river. Neither Bennigsen nor the sovereign were there, but Chernyshev, the sovereign’s aide-de-camp, received Bolkonsky and announced to him that the sovereign had gone with General Bennigsen and the Marquis Paulucci another time that day to tour the fortifications of the Drissa camp, the convenience of which was beginning to be seriously doubted.
Chernyshev was sitting with a book of a French novel at the window of the first room. This room was probably formerly a hall; there was still an organ in it, on which some carpets were piled, and in one corner stood the folding bed of Adjutant Bennigsen. This adjutant was here. He, apparently exhausted by a feast or business, sat on a rolled up bed and dozed. Two doors led from the hall: one straight into the former living room, the other to the right into the office. From the first door one could hear voices speaking in German and occasionally in French. There, in the former living room, at the sovereign’s request, not a military council was gathered (the sovereign loved uncertainty), but some people whose opinions on the upcoming difficulties he wanted to know. This was not a military council, but, as it were, a council of those elected to clarify certain issues personally for the sovereign. Invited to this half-council were: the Swedish General Armfeld, Adjutant General Wolzogen, Wintzingerode, whom Napoleon called a fugitive French subject, Michaud, Tol, not a military man at all - Count Stein and, finally, Pfuel himself, who, as Prince Andrei heard, was la cheville ouvriere [the basis] of the whole matter. Prince Andrei had the opportunity to take a good look at him, since Pfuhl arrived soon after him and walked into the living room, stopping for a minute to talk with Chernyshev.
At first glance, Pfuel, in his poorly tailored Russian general's uniform, which sat awkwardly on him, as if dressed up, seemed familiar to Prince Andrei, although he had never seen him. It included Weyrother, Mack, Schmidt, and many other German theoretic generals whom Prince Andrei managed to see in 1805; but he was more typical than all of them. Prince Andrei had never seen such a German theoretician, who combined in himself everything that was in those Germans.
The city of Stockholm is the Swedish capital and has been the economic center of the country since the thirteenth century. Today it is the largest Swedish city, where the Swedish government meets and the residence of the Swedish king is located. Currently, Swedish positions itself as the capital of all of Scandinavia.
The most suitable time to visit the Swedish capital is July. At this time, many Swedes leave Stockholm for the Baltic coast, so the city streets become calmer and less crowded.
The Stockholm metro is not just a convenient form of public transport, but also a unique art gallery. At each station there are sculptures, paintings and mosaics made by local artists, thanks to which trips on the metro are filled with a special atmosphere.
Located in the Swedish capital, the royal palace is the largest of the world's palaces and in use today. It has more than five hundred and fifty rooms.
Since the capital Stockholm does not have any heavy industry, Sweden Stockholm is considered one of the cleanest cities in the world.
Population Greater Stockholm– over 1,600,000 people, which is more than twenty percent of the total population of Sweden. The ethnic composition of the population of the Swedish capital is quite homogeneous. About 95% are Swedes. The remaining five percent are represented by Finns, Sami, as well as descendants of emigrants from Turkey, Germany, Iran, Yugoslavia and other countries.
Features of the Stockholm metro
The metro, located in the city of Stockholm, is the only one in Sweden. The Stockholm metro consists of three lines, including one hundred stations, of which only forty-seven are located underground. The Blue Line is the most unusual - almost all the stations located on it have an original design: they are carved into the rock and decorated with rock paintings and graffiti-style paintings. Trains consist of several cars. Each carriage of the Stockholm metro has its own name.
Features of tourist Stockholm
The city is a great place for a tourist holiday. Sweden Stockholm is often called the “Venice of the North” for its exquisite architecture, as well as a huge number of open water bodies and parks. There are restaurants at every turn in the city (there are about seven hundred of them), as well as cozy cafes and bars. Situated on fourteen islands connected by 57 bridges, Stockholm is known as one of the most beautiful capitals in the world. The Swedish capital Stockholm is also one of the most environmentally friendly cities thanks to clean air, plenty of water, and a large number of green parks. Located in Stockholm, the national city park serves as the “green lung” of this capital city. Built on fourteen islands, the city of Stockholm attracts tourists with its stunning waterscapes.
Stockholm is the capital and largest city of Sweden, a port on the Baltic Sea and the center of the Greater Stockholm agglomeration. Has self-government. Located in eastern Sweden, on the shores of the Norström Strait.
The name of the city is usually translated as “island fortified with stilts”, “log island”.
Stockholm was first mentioned in historical chronicles in 1252 along with the name of the then ruler, Earl Birger. The settlement was built on 14 small, unconnected islands in order to protect the country from enemy attacks from the Baltic Sea. Stockholm actively developed as a city and gradually acquired the status of a major commercial, political and cultural center due to its advantageous location.
The Stockholm metropolitan area is the most populated area of Sweden.
The majority of Stockholm residents work in the service sector (up to 85% of jobs). Companies such as IBM, Electrolux, Ericsson, and H&M are based in the Swedish capital. Stockholm has no heavy industry, making it one of the cleanest cities in the world.
The capital of Sweden is a financial center and the headquarters of banks are located here. Swedbank, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken, Handelsbanken, Stockholm Stock Exchange, famous insurance companies Skandia and Trygg-Hansa.
Since 1901, the Nobel Committee has met in Stockholm and awarded the Nobel Prize.
Recently, the tourism business has become an important part of the city's economy; the number of tourists has increased significantly (7.5 million people visit Stockholm every year). The service sector is growing accordingly.
Region |
Stockholm |
|
Population |
|
|
Population density |
4.16 people/km 2 |
|
Swedish krona |
|
|
Timezone |
UTC+1 (UTC+2 in summer) |
|
Postal code |
|
|
International dialing code |
Climate and weather
Stockholm is located in a temperate maritime climate zone, which means the weather here is quite mild, there are neither severe frosts nor unbearable heat.
Spring begins only at the end of April and quickly turns into cool summer. Average temperature - 21°C. It rains frequently; About 600 mm falls per year. Winter is not cold due to the strong influence of the Gulf Stream. Average temperature - from 0 to -3 °C.
From late spring to early autumn you can enjoy white nights in Stockholm.
Nature
Stockholm is a unique city: it harmoniously combines urban architecture and nature.
There are many parks here (it is not for nothing that Stockholm was chosen as the first Green Capital of Europe), in which mainly deciduous trees grow (oak, ash, maple, linden, beech). Half the area of the city, located on 14 islands, is occupied by water.
The city's layout is very compact, which is conducive to walking. Stockholmers and city guests love long walks along the embankments and parks located right by the water.
Attractions
Royal Palace- the residence of the Swedish king and one of the largest operating royal palaces in the world (official receptions are still held there). The palace ensemble, consisting of 600 rooms, took several centuries to build. In the 17th century, it survived a fire that almost killed the entire royal family. It is curious that the fire started in the room of the fireman - the person called upon to protect the building from fire. The residence of the Swedish kings is massive and has pronounced symmetry. The rooms are decorated with tapestries, porcelain and Baroque paintings. The main cultural wealth of the palace is museums: o gun chamber, museum of antiquity, museum "Three Crowns", treasury.
Knight's House (also called the Knight's Hall) dates back to the mid-17th century. Until 1865, the upper house of parliament met there. Nowadays, the Swedish nobility holds meetings here once every three years. The building served as a model for the construction of private houses of ordinary Swedes. The statues decorating the building symbolize knightly virtue.
Church of St. Nicholas- Cathedral, the oldest church in the historical center of Stockholm, the place of coronation of monarchs. It was built in the 13th century and significantly rebuilt in the middle of the 18th century. Among the works of art in the church are a medieval wooden statue of St. George and the Dragon, an old copy of a painting "False Sun"».
German Church, or Church of St. Gertrude- Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Old Town. The church is topped with a spire with neo-Gothic gargoyles, a rather unusual element for Swedish architecture. The north gate is decorated with a saying in German “Fear God! Honor the King!. At the southern portal (it is made of sandstone) there are statues of Jesus and Moses. The interior of the church is designed in Baroque style. The ceiling is decorated with paintings David Klöcker-Ehrenstral.
Riddarholm Church is the only surviving medieval monastery church in Stockholm. It was built in the 13th century; until 1950 it served as a tomb for Swedish rulers.
Drottningholm Palace- UNESCO heritage site. Construction of the palace began in the 17th century according to the design of the architect Nicodemus Tessin the Elder. The rooms of the palace are exquisite salons of three centuries at once: XVII, XVIII and XIX. The royal family lives in the southern part of the building. The palace houses a functioning theater founded in the 17th century; it is also open for tours.
City Hall Stadshuset- a symbol of Stockholm, the political center of the capital. It was built in 1911-1923 according to the design of R. Estberg. The 106-meter tower is visible from afar. Two rooms are available for excursions in the town hall - Golden and Blue halls. In the Golden Hall, the floor and walls are lined with golden mosaics.
In the Blue Hall (which, by the way, is very large: its area is about 1600 m2), Nobel Prize laureates and specially invited guests gather for a dinner party every year.
Nutrition
Swedish cuisine is simple and hearty. It is rich in fish and meat dishes and is famous for desserts and pastries. Its main feature is the harmonious combination of sweet and salty. In Stockholm you can taste the famous pickled herring and Swedish meatballs köttbulla r, beer soup "elebrod".
There is also a well-known buffet, replete with various snacks. The choice is huge and there is something for everyone.
Sweden has a tradition of baking its own bread, which is often made with juniper and cumin. Most varieties are sweet, due to the Swedes’ love for sugar, which they add to almost all dishes.
Residents of Stockholm love informal meetings over a cup of coffee and a bun. Alcohol they prefer is beer, whiskey and grog. They also love apple cake, gooseberry soufflé, pancakes with lingonberries and other sweets.
Sweden is known for its quality baked goods, so there are many bakery cafes in Stockholm, each with its own atmosphere. Most establishments start working from 10:30-11:00 and close - depending on the category - at 23:00-2:00.
Xoko— cafe, bistro restaurant and bakery in one place. Here you can buy bread made from special dough, homemade ice cream, chocolate dessert, and pralines. The owner of the cafe is famous for his desserts, which he has been preparing for many years especially for Nobel banquets.
Cinnamon Bakery & Coffeeshop- a cafe and bakery famous for its bread, which is great for sandwiches, and delicious cinnamon rolls.
Petite France- a cafe offering French pastries from its own bakery: croissants, brioche, buns of many varieties. Here you can inexpensively sit during lunch, which is served in French style.
Rosendals Cafe— a cafe in Djurgården Park with homemade food (salads, soups, sandwiches) made from organic products. Vegetables and fruits are grown in the garden near the cafe, and baked goods are prepared in our own bakery. In the summer, if there are no free places (and this is not uncommon), you will be invited to sit at home in the garden under the apple trees.
Vurma— a welcoming cafe with soft sofas and colored pillows, which offers delicious sandwiches with interesting names — “The Sidekick”, “The Stranger”, “The Disheveled Owl”.
Sven Vintaparre- a cafe in the Old Town, located in a house from 1607 and immersing you in the atmosphere of changing eras. On the menu you will find coffee and classic coffee buns.
Saturnus- a French-style cafe with an interior in warm colors, serving latte coffee and cinnamon rolls. It's nice to stay here for lunch.
Skåningen is a small retro-style cafe serving classic Swedish sandwiches. Before walking around Sodermalm, it’s very nice to come here for a cup of coffee and admire the houses of the southern part of Stockholm from the cozy terrace.
Den Gyldene Freden- a restaurant in the basement of one of the medieval houses in the Old Town. The building belongs to the Swedish Academy, which administers the Nobel Prize. The cafe has always been loved by Academy members. There are rumors that many destinies of writers who received the prize were decided there. The menu includes classic Swedish dishes.
Solliden- a restaurant in Skansen with traditional Swedish cuisine. From its windows there is an excellent panorama of Stockholm.
Carl Michael is a rustic restaurant specializing in traditional Swedish cuisine that will surprise any visitor to Stockholm. Located near the Gröna Lund amusement park.
"1900"- a restaurant offering traditional Swedish cuisine, influenced by the national cuisines of other countries. Country pub atmosphere and delicious cocktails in the heart of Stockholm.
Gondolen- a restaurant that offers the best view of the city. Its hall is shaped like a gondola. National dishes are prepared impeccably here, and dishes from cuisines from other countries are also good.
Nyagatan is a trendy restaurant that uses ingredients from local farms. It is famous for steaks and wild boar, but vegetarians can also choose food to suit their taste. The relaxed atmosphere and pleasant atmosphere of the restaurant, decorated in dark red and purple tones, will allow you to enjoy your food to the fullest.
Icebar Stockholm- a unique bar made entirely of ice. It is constantly -5 °C, but hot drinks will certainly not freeze.
Accommodation
Stockholm is visited by a large number of tourists, so the hotel business is very developed. You can choose accommodation to suit every taste - from inexpensive youth hostels to hotels of various star categories.
Hilton Stockholm Slussen Hotel (5 stars)- a modern hotel between the bohemian district of Sodermalm and the Old Town. The windows offer stunning panoramic views of Lake Mälaren and views of the town hall. Comfortable and luxurious rooms. The hotel has two high-class restaurants, two bars with beautiful views of the city, as well as a fitness center, sauna, and jacuzzi.
Grand Hotel Stockholm (5 stars)- hotel on the embankment, opposite the Royal Palace. It features a restaurant, bar, luxury spa and free Wi-Fi. The rooms are soundproofed, air conditioned and have satellite TV.
Freys Hotel (4 stars)- a stylish hotel near the Old Town. Bright modern rooms. Cable TV and free Wi-Fi throughout the hotel. Belgobaren bar, sauna, solarium. Breakfast is a convenient buffet. In summer you can dine on the terrace. Important: the hotel does not allow pets.
Clarion Hotel Stockholm (4 stars)— design hotel near the metro. Beautiful view from the window and exquisite cuisine. Spacious rooms with air conditioning and TV. Free Wi-Fi. Asian restaurant, two bars, spa with swimming pool and sauna.
Hotell ANNO 1647 (3 stars)- a hotel located in two buildings of the 17th-18th centuries, which preserves the atmosphere of an old mansion. The rooms have antiques. Many rooms are classically decorated, furnished in antique style, and lined with natural wood floors. Some rooms are decorated in a contemporary style and feature stylish design elements.
Reimersholme Hotel (2 stars)— a cozy hotel in a quiet and beautiful park area. Helpful staff and clean rooms with private or shared baths. The hotel has a cafe.
Best Hostel City— a hostel near the Drottninggatan shopping street in the building of a former brewery. There are rooms with a private or shared bathroom. The hostel lounge has magazines, board games, and computers with free internet access. Laundry room, shared kitchen with free tea, coffee and pasta.
Best Hostel Skeppsbron— a mid-price hostel in the Old Town on the embankment. Free Wi-Fi and breakfast. Well-equipped shared kitchen, rooms with private or shared bathroom. Panoramic view of Lake Mälaren.
Entertainment and relaxation
Stockholm is a famous museum and cultural center of Europe. There are about 70 museums in the city.
Skansen is both a park and a museum, spectacularly located on the hills of the island of Djurgården. This is a great place to relax with the whole family. 150 houses and suburbs from different parts of the country moved here. IN Skansen you will take a wonderful walk through time and space: a landowner's courtyard, a market square, a wooden church of the 18th century, city blocks with workshops of people of various professions (glassblower, potter, baker), a store with handicraft goods will immerse you in the history and traditions of Sweden. During Christmas time Skansen There is a bustling Christmas market and a buffet, people in national costumes represent the living history of Sweden. IN Skansen There is also a zoo, a terrarium and a monkey barn.
National Museum of Sweden collected the greatest collection of works of art - 16,000 paintings, 30,000 handicrafts. This collection dates back to the 16th century, and over time it was replenished with works by famous European and Scandinavian artists and sculptors, in particular Watteau, Rembrandt, El Greco, Manet, Degas, Toulouse-Lautrec, Renoir, Cezanne, Gauguin, Van Gogh and others. There is a permanent exhibition of Swedish design.
Modern Art Museum has one of the largest collections of 20th century art in Europe. Among the more than 100,000 items are works by Matisse, Picasso, Dali, Duchamp, Warhol and many others.
Swedish Museum of National Antiquities covers the cultural history of Sweden from the Stone Age to the 16th century (including the Viking period), and contains a huge archaeological collection. The museum has the so-called Golden Room, where gold jewelry is displayed.
Royal Academy of Liberal Arts- owner of a huge collection of art treasures, paintings and sculptures, ancient monuments of art. The Academy also owns an extensive library and archives.
Livrustkammaren, or Royal Treasury is the oldest Swedish museum, which is located in the basement of the Royal Palace and has many exhibits telling about Swedish military history and the monarchy. Items kept in the museum are used at weddings, funerals and coronations of members of the royal family.
Unibakken- a wonderful children's museum. Here it’s as if you find yourself on the pages of books by famous Swedish writers (Astrid Lindgren, Tove Jansson, Elsa Beskow) and meet Carlson, Emil from Lenneberga, Mumiy Troll and Pippi Longstocking. Daily performances and other entertainment events will keep you entertained. The fairy tale train will take you straight to a fairy tale. The museum has a restaurant and a bookstore.
Tom Tits Experiment Park will be interesting for the whole family. There is a chemical laboratory, a hall of optical illusions, and a mirror labyrinth. You can watch a soap show, sit on nails, ride a bicycle on a rope stretched over the pavement.
Aquaria Water Museum will introduce you to the inhabitants of the 7 seas and Scandinavian lakes. Here you can watch the life of sharks, quickly run across a bridge over a pond with piranhas, watch an educational film, and buy souvenirs.
If you love high art, be sure to go to Royal Dramatic Theater And to the Royal Opera House.
There are plenty of clean and safe beaches within the city; there are a great many of them in Stockholm. In summer it’s good to sunbathe here, the rest of the time it’s just nice to stroll along them. The two most famous beaches are - Långholmen on Södermalm and Norr Mälarstrand near Rolambshovsparken.
There are also nightclubs and bars in Stockholm. Most of them are located near Stureaplana, almost everyone works until 5 am, so you'll definitely have time to have some fun. Bohemian is also suitable for evening entertainment Sodermalm island with many pubs and restaurants. Cafes are open from 10:30 to 20:00-23:00, some establishments are open until 2:00.
Purchases
Stockholm is one of the most popular shopping destinations in Europe. A huge range of goods, Russian-speaking staff, and shopping assistant services can satisfy the most sophisticated fashionista.
In the alleys of the Old Town you will be pleased with a lot of antique shops and handicrafts. District City- a place where large department stores and shopping centers are concentrated ( NK, PUB, Åhlens City, Gallerian Hamngatan) and boutiques. Near Östermalm many shops and boutiques of famous brands ( Gucci, Louis Vuitton, Hugo Boss, Armani, Guess ) . IN Sodermalm the atmosphere is more democratic. There is a huge number of unusual and interesting clothing stores, accessories, modern design and interior items.
In Stockholm you can buy clothes made from natural fabrics, vegetarian products (at the supermarket Goodstore and department store Ekovaruhuset). Both vintage connoisseurs and stock store fans will rejoice in Stockholm.
The most popular shopping center in Stockholm - Outlet i Barkarby. It houses more than 50 boutiques of various brands.
When making purchases, do not forget to use the system tax free. In Sweden, the return amount is about 15-18% on products over $30.
Shops in Stockholm are usually open from 10:00 to 18:00 on weekdays, and until 17:00 on Saturdays. Department stores and other fairly large shops are also open on Sunday, usually from 12:00 to 16:00. Grocery stores are open every day, usually until 20:00, some may close later. Small shops and boutiques have their own opening hours.
Transport
In Stockholm you can travel by bus, tram and metro. Remember that you will have to pay $120 for a ticketless ride, so it is better to take care of purchasing a coupon or travel card in a timely manner. A one-time ticket for all types of transport costs $3 ($1.5 is discounted for passengers under 20 years of age and pensioners). When purchasing 10 coupons at once, you will pay $27 ($13.5 for discounted ones). However, it is more practical to purchase a travel or tourist card SL(for 1, 3, 7, 30 days).
The city's districts are connected by 450 bus routes. Those who like late adventures will find buses 91, 94, 96 useful, which carry passengers even at night. Guests of the capital may be interested in special tourist bus routes around Stockholm. Along with purchasing a ticket, you can receive a free city map with bus routes from the ticket office and from drivers.
The city has four tram lines, including expressways.
The Stockholm metro is not only a mode of transport, but an art gallery: the stations display works by Swedish artists and sculptors.
There are four airports in the Stockholm area: Arlanda(main airport, 40 kilometers from Stockholm), Bromine(10 kilometers from the city center), Skavasta(100 kilometers from Stockholm) and Westeros(11 kilometers from the city).
Stockholm railway station is located right in the center of the capital.
Connection
The capital's orange payphones will help you call any country in the world; for this you just need a credit card or a coin (you need to dial 00, the country code and the region code before the subscriber number). It will not be difficult for anyone who speaks English to understand the operation of the machine: there are instructions for its use.
Telephone SIM cards of mobile operators (Tele2, Telenor, TeliaSonera) sold in tobacco stalls and Pressbyran kiosks. You can also buy postage stamps there. Postal services are provided at almost every grocery store.
At train stations and shopping centers, the Swedes have installed information phones that combine telephone and fax functions and provide the ability to access the Internet. It is also available at kiosks 7-Eleven and Internet cafes throughout the city. However, if you live in a hotel, then such services are unlikely to be needed: almost all hotels offer free Wi-Fi.
Safety
Sweden is one of the safest countries in Europe, but it is still not recommended to let down your guard and forget about precautions. The main danger is posed by pickpockets who operate in crowded places (hotel lobbies, shops, crowded streets). Therefore, make sure you have a safe place for your wallet and documents.
When going to Sweden, do not forget about insurance, which will provide medical care in case of disaster. Find out who the insurance payments go to - the doctor, the institution, or you when you return to your homeland. Remember that if you do not have insurance, you will have to pay for treatment in cash - if serious health problems arise, hospitalization will be expensive.
It is worth taking care not only of health insurance, but also of the safety of your luggage and credit card.
Business climate
The large number of tourists makes Stockholm an attractive place for business in the service sector. The Swedish tax regime also contributes to this. Income tax is 26,3 %, which is quite small for Western Europe. An important feature of Swedish taxation is the right of a taxpayer who suffered losses in the previous tax period to reduce the tax base of subsequent tax periods by the amount of the loss incurred.
Organizations selling goods and services in Sweden are required to register for VAT. The standard VAT rate is 25 % . For food and hotel services a reduced rate applies 12 % . For periodicals, books, cultural and sporting events, VAT is 6%. Activities related to real estate, banking and financial services are exempt from VAT.
The income tax here is paid by the employee (minimum 30 % ), and not his employer.
Stockholm frequently hosts international exhibitions, which annually attract approximately 1.5 million visitors from all over the world. The most popular are furniture, technical exhibition, construction exhibition Nordbygg, international exhibition of boats and yachts, international automobile show. More than 8,000 journalists cover such events.
Real estate
Buying real estate in Sweden is not difficult even for a citizen of another country. However, there are nuances.
The purchased apartment (land plot, country house) is not subject to the right of transfer by inheritance and gift. In other words, after the death of the owner, the property goes into the housing stock and is put up for sale again.
When purchasing a home, the contract specifies its type and layout in detail. Changing the layout on your own is prohibited; even minimal adjustments must be agreed upon with the relevant committee.
Residential properties can be rented out, but it is worth considering that a 30% tax is paid on income from it.
Housing prices in Stockholm are based on the condition of the house and major renovations - without taking into account the location. In other words, the price of an apartment in the center will not necessarily be higher than for housing in residential areas.
To ensure that guests of the capital do not get lost and receive the necessary information, there are special tourist bureaus in Stockholm. The information service for tourists is quite developed: 5 bureaus plus Stockholm Today booths throughout the city. A sign with the letter i will tell you that here you can get the necessary information.
