Air transport is a concept that includes both aircraft themselves and the infrastructure necessary for their operation: airports, dispatch and technical services.
Air transport is the fastest mode of transport. The main area of application of air transport is passenger transportation over distances of over a thousand kilometers. Air transport is the most expensive, which limits its cargo use. Mostly perishable products and especially valuable cargo, as well as mail, are transported by air. In such cases, when there is no airfield at the landing site (for example, the delivery of scientific groups to hard-to-reach areas), they use not airplanes, but helicopters that do not need a landing strip.
In the regions of the Far North, helicopters play an important role: they transport cargo and passengers to production facilities and provide emergency medical care. The main centers of air traffic are Moscow, St. Petersburg, resorts of the North Caucasus, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Tomsk, Simferopol. At the same time, the overwhelming majority of passenger air transportation is confined to the Moscow air hub: about 80% of air transportation is carried out from Moscow or to Moscow. At the beginning of 2015, there were 282 airports in Russia.
Due to the specific method of movement, air transport has both a number of advantages and significant disadvantages, which limits its use as freight transport.
Benefits include:
1. High speed.
2. Possibility of delivering goods to isolated areas (mainly by helicopter).
The disadvantages of air transport include:
1. High cost of transportation.
2. Dependence on weather.
3. Requires airports (except helicopter).
4. Low load capacity.
In Russia, the work of air transport is controlled by the Ministry of Transport, the Interstate Aviation Committee and Rostransnadzor.
Air traffic management is mainly aimed at ensuring that aircraft take off and depart on time on schedule, use the most preferred flight routes, and comply with established levels of flight safety and use of airspace.
The structure and management of airspace is established in accordance with the Air Code of the Russian Federation.
Intercity and international air transportation is regulated by a number of regulatory documents, which can be divided into several groups. The first of them is documents of state regulation of aviation, including relevant laws, certification standards and licensing rules. The second category is aviation regulations operating at the federal level. The third group of regulatory documents is the internal Russian rules for the carriage of passengers and cargo transportation using aircraft.
Peculiarities in the operation of pipeline transport
Pipeline transport - transportation through pipes of raw materials (liquids or gases) and products (any chemically stable substances that can be transported through pipelines).
The development of pipeline transport in Russia began in the late 50s. XX century. The most important transported cargoes are crude oil, natural and associated gas. Transportation of petroleum products, liquid and gaseous chemicals is promising, but currently product pipelines are not widely used. In Russia, pipelines of large diameter (1220 and 1420 mm) and long lengths in the latitudinal direction predominate.
Large oil pipelines:
· The Druzhba oil pipeline is the largest export route in Russia (Almetyevsk - Samara - Unecha - Mozyr - Brest and further to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe);
· Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow;
· Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi;
· Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchug - Kherson, Snegirevka - Odessa;
· Surgut - Tyumen - Ufa - Almetyevsk;
· Nizhnevartovsk - Samara;
· Surgut - Polotsk;
· Aleksandrovskoye - Anzhero-Sudzhensk;
· Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk;
· Surgut - Omsk - Pavlodar - Chimkent - Chardzhou.
Largest gas pipelines:
· gas pipeline Saratov - Moscow - the first gas pipeline in Russia (840 km);
· Stavropol - Moscow;
· Krasnodar region - Rostov-on-Don - Serpukhov - St. Petersburg;
· Central Asia - Urals;
· Medvezhye - Nadym - Tyumen - Ufa - Torzhok;
· Nadym - Punga - Perm;
· Urengoy - Surgut - Tobolsk - Tyumen - Chelyabinsk;
· Nord Stream;
· The world's largest gas pipeline system Urengoy - Pomary - Uzhgorod - countries of Eastern and Western Europe (4451 km), a gas pipeline running from Orenburg through Ukraine to the countries of Eastern and Western Europe.
Large product pipelines:
· Ufa - Brest with a branch to Uzhgorod;
· Ufa - Omsk - Novosibirsk;
· Nizhnekamsk - Odessa.
Gas pipelines are being built: Bovanenkovo - Ukhta, Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok.
The gas pipelines South Stream, Altai, Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostok and the Caspian gas pipeline, the oil pipelines Baltic Pipeline System-II, the Murmansk Oil Pipeline and the Polar Region-Purpe-Samotlor are being designed.
Oil and gas pipelines have the following advantages:
· pumping oil, gas and oil and gas products over long distances;
· high delivery rate and varying throughput;
· continuous operation all year round (with short-term stops in case of repairs or accidents);
· losses on the route are minimized due to the design features of the pipelines and their preventive maintenance;
· it is possible to transport oil and petroleum products, the viscosity of which varies significantly;
· effective operation in various climatic zones, including in the Far North and Siberia (for this purpose, pipes with appropriate characteristics are selected);
· high degree of mechanization and automation of construction and installation activities when creating pipelines;
· comprehensive monitoring and management of all processes.
All of the above advantages have caused the worldwide development of this method of transport. This was also facilitated by the development of new oil and gas fields, which were often located at a considerable distance from the areas of processing and consumption of these fuel products.
With the improvement of technology, not only the volume of pumped oil and gas has increased, but also the length and capacity of oil pipelines. Accordingly, the requirements for the quality and reliability of the pipes used have increased. Therefore, most high-pressure pipelines use large-diameter welded pipes that fully satisfy all requirements (due to the quality characteristics of the products).
Pipeline transport has certain disadvantages:
· high cost of initial capital investments in the construction of an oil and gas pipeline network;
· danger of environmental damage (especially when transporting underwater pipelines);
· the difficulty of laying a route in certain areas.
All the noted advantages of pipeline delivery of oil, gas and refined products are difficult to underestimate. Existing shortcomings in the use of pipelines are eliminated by improving the quality of both pipes and other pipeline elements, and by a set of measures for their prevention and maintenance.
The following types of transport are used in the tourism industry:
air, land and water.
The main means of transport are:
a) air - airplanes, helicopters, hang gliders, parachutes,
paragliders, hot air balloons;
b) ground – trains, buses, cars, motorcycles, bicycles;
c) water - sea and river vessels, boats, yachts, motor boats,
Each of the listed types and means of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages, as well as characteristic features (Table 1). To compare modes of transport, the following criteria are traditionally used: speed, comfort, safety and efficiency.
The fastest mode of transport is air. For long distances and transcontinental travel, the advantages of air transport are obvious.
Rail transport is considered the most comfortable and spectacular. This is due not only to the fact that the passenger’s movement is not limited within the compartment or carriage, and any position preferred by the person is possible (sitting, lying, etc.).
Even at the dawn of the development of railway transport, studies were carried out on the influence of train movement on the passenger’s condition.
Dr. K. Grum-Grzhimailo, after a series of studies, published the results in the popular St. Petersburg newspaper “Friend of Health,” which substantiated the beneficial effects of rail travel on blood circulation, digestion and the nervous system. Thus, with the beginning of the operation of railways, doctors began to prescribe not only sea and river trips, but also train travel for therapeutic and preventive purposes.
Traveling by river and sea transport is also spectacular and comfortable. Modern ships offer an unusually wide range of modern services: superior accommodation, delicious meals, a lot of entertainment, etc. However, despite modern anti-sickness systems, due to the dependence of water transport on weather conditions, sometimes it is not possible for the liner to enter the port or comfortably deliver tourists to coast, in general, in terms of convenience, sea and river vessels are inferior to modern comfortable trains.
According to long-term statistical studies, road transport is the most dangerous. This is primarily due to the frequency of its use throughout the world and special operating conditions: the high dependence of safety on the qualifications, experience and discipline of all road users, the technical condition of vehicles, road surfaces, weather conditions, etc. At the same time, road transport is most accessible to everyone and least controlled.
Cost-effectiveness when choosing transport is determined primarily by the type of travel and its route. Sometimes, at distances of up to 1000 km, the cost of air travel does not exceed the cost of traveling by rail, while the time gain can be several hours. However, taking into account the procedures for completing formalities at the airport, the time it takes to travel to the airport and back, the time gain may be minimal. Over long distances, the speed advantages of air transport are obvious, because no amount of comfort can brighten up a multi-day trip in a confined space.
To fully characterize air transport, in addition to the listed advantages, its disadvantages should be indicated: the constantly growing cost of air transportation, the remoteness of airports, dependence on weather conditions, the complexity of passport and customs control procedures and special flight safety control, the presence of transits, and inconvenience.
Air transport, namely airplanes, are most often and traditionally used when traveling over long distances, when delivering to a destination. Helicopters – demonstration flights over cities, forests, lakes, jungles (sightseeing and panoramic excursions, air safaris). Balloons are sometimes used for these purposes. Small aircraft and helicopters are used to deliver divers and off-piste skiers (free riders) to the dive and launch site, which may be difficult to access. It is possible to use air transport for travel in the summer and on domestic routes, for example, Moscow-Kostroma, if there are people willing to travel this way.
Road transport, inferior in comfort to railway transport, allows you to make a stop along the way, does not require special stations or tracks, is practically independent of weather conditions, allows you to travel across borders and even, in combination with other modes of transport, make transcontinental travel. Its disadvantages are cost and accident rate. The disadvantages of water transport include low speed and dependence on weather conditions.
Road transport in tourism is used to organize bus tours, excursions, group and individual transfers.
Railway trains are traditionally used to transport tourists to destinations. In addition, there are the concepts of “tourist trains” and “railway tours”. For example, in domestic tourism: health trains for mushroom pickers and fishermen; on the road: “Glasser Express” (Switzerland), “Emperor” (Vienna-Salzburg); in the entry ticket: “Golden Eagle” (Russia).
Thus, there is no single criterion for choosing a vehicle for a tourist trip, because each trip has its own parameters, and each type of transport has its own advantages and disadvantages. If we go to Australia, then the plane is the only mode of transport that can take us to our destination. And if - in St.
Petersburg, then the choice between plane, train, or car
carried out by the passenger based on personal preferences or circumstances.
Table 1 - Main characteristics of various types of transport
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................ ........................................................ .. 3
1. Air transport in tourist transportation.................................. 4
1.1 International organizations regulating air transport.................................................... ........................................................ 7
1.2 Interaction between travel companies and airlines…………… 9
1.3 Air transportation in Russia………………………………. 13
2. Characteristics of the Ural Airlines airline………….. 16
2.1 Results of the airline’s activities……………………………… 21
3. Ways to improve the quality of passenger service in air transport……………………………………………………… 27
Conclusion……………………………………………………….............. 29
List of sources used…………………………………….. 30
INTRODUCTION
Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country.
Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, and service is important for both tourists and travel organizers.
The relevance of this topic is that air transport is the most popular mode of transport in the world. Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.
The purpose of this course work: to prove that air transport is popular in tourist transportation, to consider tourist transportation at Ural Airlines and to identify ways to improve the quality of service in air transport.
To achieve the goal of the course work, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:
1. Consider the features of air transportation and identify the reasons for the popularity of air transportation;
2. Study some aspects of servicing tourists by air transport;
3. Consider the work of Ural Airlines;
The object of the study is: Ural Airlines.
The subject of the study is: the place of air transport in the system of tourist transportation in the Ural Airlines airline.
1. AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION
Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any available means to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later of various types of engines, man began to correspondingly develop means of transportation: carts, carriages, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes.
International tourism involves the movement of people from country to country. When studying its development, it is very important to determine its relationship with the transport industry. Success in tourism generating markets and adequate transport infrastructure constitute one of the most important prerequisites for the development of any tourist center. For its part, demand in tourism stimulated the rapid development of the transport industry.
Tourism depends entirely on transport, its safety, speed and amenities provided to the tourist during his movement. Understanding the basics of relationships with transport companies, the rules of interaction with them in matters of ensuring the safety of passengers and their property, service, the use of appropriate discounts and benefits during sales is important for both tourists and travel organizers. The development of tourism is hampered by the fact that transport systems in a number of countries do not meet international standards for convenience, efficiency and safety, and transport projects in terms of the construction of new airports, roads and railways require huge investments and time for their implementation.
Less than half of all international travel takes place by land, with the role of air transport increasing every year.
In 1992, only 5% of travelers used the railway system for international travel (mainly within Europe) and 8% traveled by steamships and ferries (for example, between the UK and France, Italy and Greece, Sweden and Denmark), and 40% of tourists got to their destination by plane.
According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable tendency to reduce travel time in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes the tourism business to pay close attention to air transportation.
Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism.
And there are a number of reasons for this:
- firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;
- secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;
- thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies commissions for each seat booked on the plane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.
Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.
There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.
The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American Delta Air lines, Pan American, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, etc. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.
However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.
The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries around the world.
1.1 International organizations regulating air transport
Air transport is regulated in three ways:
National regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on both domestic and international routes;
Intergovernmental regulation - when scheduled air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the respective countries;
International regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines........
LIST OF SOURCES USED
1. Azar V.I. Transport and tourism. - M.: Transport, 2007.
2. Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation. - St. Petersburg: Publishing house. house "Gerda", 2008.
3. Zorin I.V., Koverina T.P., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism management. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2007.
4. Nikolaenko V.N., Skorobogatova L.G. Management of transport services in the tourism sector. V2h. Part 1: Lecture notes. - Ekaterinburg: UrGUPS Publishing House, 2011.
5. Osipova O.Ya. transport services for tourists: Textbook. manual for higher students textbook establishments. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2009.
6. Transport support for commercial activities: Textbook. allowance / Ed. G.Ya. Rezgo. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2009.
7. Russian tourist newspaper. - URL: www. turizm.ru
8. Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. - URL: www. favt.ru/favt_new -
According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable trend towards reducing travel times in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourism business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this:
- - firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances;
- - secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists;
- - thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies commissions for each seat booked on the plane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel.
Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system.
There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation.
The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, etc. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline.
However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety.
The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries around the world.
Air transport is regulated in three ways:
- 1) national regulation - licensing of air carriers operating on both domestic and international routes;
- 2) intergovernmental regulation - when regular air routes are based on agreements between the governments of the relevant countries;
- 3) international regulation - when tariffs for scheduled flights are set (for airline members) on the basis of mutual agreements between participating airlines through the mediation of the International Air Transport Association (IATA) or a third party.
Travel agencies participate in IATA activities through its special branch - the International Travel Agents Network (IATAN), the International Organization of Airline Agents, as well as through international civil airport organizations.
Within the framework of organizing tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines:
О reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through airline agencies;
E reservation of seats and purchase of air tickets through reservation systems;
E agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines;
Ё agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists;
Organization of charter flights for tourist transportation.
In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable part of tourist transportation, as well as to competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular type of interaction with an airline.
A travel agent also needs to know the rules for booking air tickets, working with stocks, tariffs and discounts provided by airlines.
Requirements of professional ethics when booking air tickets. To avoid additional inconvenience for air carriers, as well as to facilitate the booking process and improve the quality of passenger service, travel agents should adhere to the following simple rules:
- - Follow the airline's standard booking procedures.
- - Never double book a passenger if they can’t decide which flight to take. Moreover, never issue two or more tickets for such a passenger if it is obvious that he will only be able to use one of them.
- - Regardless of the passenger's route, be sure to try, to the extent possible, to provide the airline with telephone numbers for emergency contact with the passenger along the route.
- - If the passenger changes the route, immediately cancel the corresponding reservation with the airline, and also refuse all other related services that are not required
- - Strictly adhere to the deadlines and procedures for issuing tickets required by air carriers. Never issue a ticket with a guaranteed seat until the guarantee has been confirmed by the airline concerned.
- - All airline seat reservations must be carefully recorded and properly documented. Documents drawn up and copies remaining with the agent must necessarily contain an indication of the flight number, date and class of flight, status (guaranteed/non-guaranteed seat) of each individual flight, surnames and initials of passengers and their contact numbers or addresses. Promptly report receipt of all deposits on the prescribed form.
Always remember that the convenience of passengers and the smooth functioning of other agents and airlines depend on your efficiency, accuracy and courtesy.
Charter (aircraft rental). When organizing charter air transportation, the customer and the airline determine the route, the responsibilities of the parties are negotiated, the compliance of the lease agreement with international rules is determined, and the cost of the flight is determined. Then a special charter agreement is concluded, which stipulates:
Yo type (make) of the aircraft;
E number of seats for sale;
The cost of renting an aircraft;
E route indicating departure and arrival airports;
Ё duration of the contract (season, year, etc.);
Yo regularity of flights;
The possibility and deadlines for cancellation (cancellation) of a flight and the corresponding sanctions.
The peculiarity of charters is that one full flight (the second and penultimate flight - the first return after the first delivery and the last one there before the last delivery) is carried out without tourists: on the last flight the plane picks up the last tourists, but does not bring new ones, since it is no longer after them will return (i.e. for 10 tourist arrivals there are 11 flights). The formula N + 1 applies here. Thus, the largest number of flights during the period of validity of the air charter program reduces the costs of the “lost” flight, and therefore reduces the transportation tariff.
It should be noted that it is realistic to organize 20 races per season (with weekly flights). However, a charter can be launched with a frequency of 2 times a week - then the number of flights per season increases to 40. This significantly reduces the tariff, but is not affordable for the vast majority of travel companies. This explains the emergence of “intermediate” entrepreneurs in the tourist transportation market - wholesalers (wholesalers), consolidating large charters in their hands and further distributing them among smaller firms in the form of block charters (i.e., 10-30 seats each) ). The tour operator-wholesaler usually sells blocks of seats for its charter using three proven options: hard, soft and combined blocks of seats.
A soft block, in which the customer does not have any financial responsibility and has the right to completely or partially refuse his seats within a predetermined time frame, is more convenient for the travel agent. However, if the refusal occurs after the established period, the customer will have to pay a fine. Typically, soft blocks are used quite rarely, since they are not always beneficial to the charter holder (be it an airline or a wholesaler tour operator).
A rigid block provides for strict contractual obligations regarding the terms of sale and payment. The customer makes an advance payment, the amount of which usually includes the cost of two paired flights. Tariffs for the sale of a hard block are approximately 5-10% lower than for the sale of a soft block. In addition, with a fixed block agreement, the operator and agent fix the price for the entire charter period, which gives sellers a good opportunity to vary prices during the “high” period of the season and at the end of it.
The most common sale of seats on charter flights is the so-called combined method, which combines elements of the two above-mentioned options. The total number of places included in the block being sold is divided in a certain proportion into two parts: one of which is sold according to the “hard” system, and the other - according to the “soft” system.
Often, the initiator of a charter program is not one, but several tour operators. At the same time, they agree in advance among themselves on the conditions for organizing flights.
Normal relations with airlines when leasing an aircraft provide for its payment according to the contract with a mandatory balance sheet after each flight.
Aeroflot remains the undisputed leader of the Russian airline business. Aeroflot Russian International Airlines is the national flag carrier of Russia. And in Belarus, the national airline Belavia is the leader in passenger transportation. The airline's activities are based on the principle of creating a positive image, which is formed on the basis of safety, regularity and accuracy of flights, and improving the quality of passenger service.
Belavia is a modern, dynamic company that meets the latest innovations in the field of civil aviation, strives for constant development and improvement, as well as attracting a new number of passengers. Its primary goals are modernization of the air fleet, efficient use of resources, introduction of new information technologies and constant improvement of the quality of service, both on board and on the ground.
The main emphasis in its work by the airline is on providing customers with the opportunity to fly both direct flights and to continue their journey without delay to anywhere in the world, while trying to take into account all the wishes of the passenger.
The attitude of Belavia employees to work and the Belarusian hospitality can be appreciated every time you travel by airlines on business or for leisure. Thanks to a close-knit team of high-class professionals who love their work and are proud of it, Belavia has in a short period of time established itself as a reliable and competitive air carrier.
Belavia also provides services such as:
Ё Transportation of goods;
Ё Transportation of animals;
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
federal state budgetary educational institution of higher professional education
"Altai State University"
Faculty of Geography
Department of Recreational Geography, Tourism and Regional Marketing
TYPES OF TRANSPORT USED IN TOURIST ACTIVITIES
(abstract on the discipline “Organization of inbound and outbound tourism”)
Completed by a student
course 923-z group
Ivanova I.I..
Barnaul 2014
INTRODUCTION
ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET
AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION
MOTOR TRANSPORT IN TOURISM
RAIL TRAVEL
SHIP TRAVEL
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
Transport services are one of the main types of services in tourism. They account for the main share in the tour price structure. Depending on the duration and distance of the trip, it (in most cases) ranges from 20 to 60%. Various types of transport are used by tourism organizations to transport tourists during their travel.
Transport travel is travel by organized groups of tourists with vouchers (vouchers) along developed routes using various means of transport. Transport travel is considered both as an independent type of tourism and as a component of the tourism product as a whole.
When planning his trip, a tourist takes into account such factors as the speed of delivery to the holiday destination, travel comfort, cost, the possibility of transporting luggage and its weight, the possibility of stopping along the way, food conditions, recreational conditions, noise level, the presence of harmful environmental factors and, of course , - safety.
The main objectives of this work are to determine the main modes of travel and types of transport used during inbound and outbound tourism.
.ROLE AND PLACE OF TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE TOURIST MARKET Transport is one of the most important components of the material base of the economy of any country. Since ancient times, transport has been the engine of progress. Man used any available means to transport people and goods. With the invention of the wheel, and somewhat later of various types of engines, man began to correspondingly develop means of transportation: carts, carriages, steamships, steam locomotives, airplanes, etc. This made it possible to travel long distances and for various purposes. Currently, transport is one of the most important components of the economy of a state, both developing and with a highly developed economic and social base. Transport ensures the normal functioning of the economy, increases the efficiency of social production, creates conditions for the rational placement of production forces throughout the country, taking into account the most appropriate approach of enterprises in various sectors of the economy to sources of raw materials and areas of consumption of products, specialization and cooperation of production, allows for the development of industries such as trade , agriculture and others. Transport is a leading factor in the development of tourism. The role of transport in solving social problems, providing business, cultural and tourist trips for the population, developing cultural exchange within the country and abroad is great. Transport ensures the development of international economic relations, facilitating mutually beneficial exchanges between different countries. .AIR TRANSPORT IN TOURIST TRANSPORTATION According to statistics, the rate of growth in the popularity of air transport is higher than that of road transport, which is due to the ever-increasing expansion of the geography of travel and the existing stable trend towards reducing travel times in favor of their frequency (the growth of short-term long-distance tours). All this causes close attention of the tourism business to air transportation. Airplanes are the most popular form of transport in the world. The same can be said about air travel in tourism. And there are a number of reasons for this: firstly, aviation is the fastest and most convenient form of transport when traveling long distances; secondly, the service on flights is currently attractive to tourists; thirdly, airline companies directly and through international booking and reservation networks pay travel agencies a commission for each seat booked on an airplane, thereby motivating them to choose air travel. Air transport is one of the fastest and most dynamically developing sectors of the world economy and every year it occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system. There are now more than 1,300 airlines in the world. On average, about 1.5 billion people are transported on air flights per year. International air services are now provided by over 470 carriers, about 250 of them operate international scheduled flights. More than 1 thousand airports around the world are involved in servicing international air services, about 650 of them serve international scheduled air transportation. The largest airlines in the world in terms of the number of traffic are considered to be the American Delta Air lines, Pan Amerikan, United, the French Air France, the German Lufthansa, the British British Airways, etc. The Russian Aeroflot is considered a major airline. However, the international air transport system consists not only of international air carriers and airports, but also of states connected by international air lines and providing these communications, as well as international organizations in the field of air transport, taking measures to ensure its effective functioning and safety. The international transportation network currently covers all geographical regions and more than 150 countries around the world. Since air transport occupies an increasingly stronger position in the global transport system every year, there has long been a need for its global coordination and regulation. These issues are dealt with by international aviation organizations. Within the framework of organizing tourist travel, there are several forms of interaction between travel companies and airlines: booking seats and purchasing air tickets through airline agencies; booking seats and purchasing air tickets through reservation systems; an agreement with the airline for a quota of seats on regular airlines; agency agreement and work as an agency selling air tickets for its tourists; organization of charter flights for tourist transportation. In order to correctly choose the most convenient and profitable part of tourist transportation, as well as to competently conclude a contract for air transportation of tourists, you need to know all the features, advantages and disadvantages of a particular type of interaction with an airline. .MOTOR TRANSPORT IN TOURISM Car services used in tourism services include three main areas: ) organization of bus trips; ) organization of travel by private transport of tourists; ) car rental. Bus travel. International bus tourism is a relatively young type of tourism. The beginning of its development can be dated back to the 70s. XX century Before this, in different countries, buses were used mainly for transfers, excursions and local trips. Being an economic type of tourism accessible to the general public, bus tourism is constantly developing. There is still a tendency to increase its volumes. Priority is given to weekend bus tours - 2-3 day trips to European cities for excursion and educational purposes are quite popular. In second place in popularity are route tours lasting 1-2 weeks in European cities, also for excursion and educational purposes. Seasonality when organizing bus tours does not play as big a role as in other trips. In fact, bus tours operate throughout the year. A slight decline in demand is observed in January-February. During these two months, usually one bus is “busy” on one route. According to experts, despite the importance of the price aspect, competition in the bus tour market is observed in the area of variety of routes and quality of service. The opening of traffic on regular international routes is regulated by bilateral government agreements, and transit through third countries requires permission from the Transport Committee of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). The rights and obligations of the carrier and tourists are regulated by the contract of carriage, contract for tourist services and voucher Bus trips can be organized on their own buses owned by travel companies, as well as on rented buses owned by independent motor transport enterprises (ATEs) of the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation. As a rule, Russian companies work with rented buses. A travel company enters into a special agreement with such ATPs to rent a bus for tourist transportation. Traveling using tourists' personal transport. Organizing a package car travel tour includes the entire range of services, with the exception of transport. However, the travel company still provides special assistance in organizing the movement of tourists along the route in their cars. This is reflected in the specifics of organizing car tours. The process of preparing a road trip includes: route development; development of a traffic schedule; preparation of route documentation. Car rental. Car rental (or rental) is a very common and popular service among tourists, especially on stationary and resort tours. In any tourist or resort center there are many car rental offices - from large to small. The leading car rental company in the world is HERTZ. Competing with it “AVIS” in the mid-90s. was named the best car rental company in the world by the English magazine Institutional Investor. .RAIL TRAVEL The railway is a convenient means of communication for transporting any categories of tourists, from individual tourists, large and small tourist groups on regular lines and charter trains, to the organization of special tourist and excursion trains for local and long-distance traffic. Currently, many companies that own railway lines (Wagon-Li, Accor, etc.) are making great efforts to maintain and increase tourist passenger traffic. The main directions in this regard can be called: laying high-speed highways (to speed up transportation); organization of special tourist trains, including “retro locomotives” (special themed trips on railway transport). Regular trains. Suburban trains follow a fixed schedule within the region or region. The train usually accommodates up to 1,500 passengers, with up to 1,000 seats. The trains make frequent stops at local stations. The seats in the carriages are not numbered. Off-schedule (charter) trains. These are specially designated charter trains outside the regular schedule. Special trains often include tourist and excursion trains, which also run outside the regular schedule on specially laid routes and schedules, compiled taking into account windows in the regular schedule and excursion and tourist purposes. Off-schedule trains also include the so-called export trains - organized outside the schedule during public holidays, national and international competitions and games, as well as for the removal of equipment and people for harvesting, agricultural and other work. Trains and carriages are also divided into different categories. Special tourist trains. There is a well-established opinion that any train trip, especially a long one, is tiring and unpleasant. It’s hard to even imagine that it can be not just a forced movement from one point to another, but a most exciting journey. However, this truth has long been realized by foreign travel agencies and operators offering specialized railway tours. Western specialists have brought the technology of their implementation almost to perfection. Standard rail tours can be divided into three separate categories: one-day; short-term (2-3 days); multi-day (from 5 days or more). Day tours begin in the morning and end in the evening of the same day. On the way, tourists sit at the tables of dining cars. Along the way, they can not only have an extra snack, but also watch performances by pop and circus performers. Tourists are taken to a specific station, where a special program has been prepared for them. This could be an excursion trip or a picnic in nature. Most often, passengers have the opportunity to combine business with pleasure. Short tours. During two- to three-day train tours, passengers live in separate compartments. Trips are traditionally designed so that at night, when everyone is asleep, the train is on its way. During the day, tourists are busy with various excursion activities. Multi-day tours. Train schedules serving multi-day trips vary greatly. Depending on the route and excursion program, tourists are often on the road during the daytime. As practice shows, in order for travelers not to get tired, a tourist train should travel non-stop between two points for no more than a day and a half. Long day trips are planned, as a rule, in cases where interesting views and landscapes open up along the route. However, in some cases, short-term “green camps” are also proposed directly in the forest or in the mountains, on the shore of the sea or a large lake. .SHIP TRAVEL tourist market air transport train A motor ship trip (cruise) is a tourist trip along a river or sea, usually calling at ports, on board a special passenger ship. Currently, dozens of cruise lines around the world operate hundreds of passenger ships ranging from 70 to over 1,000 passengers and offer exciting trips to almost every region of the world. Cruises are one of the fastest growing market sectors. In 1998, more than 8 million tourists traveled by water, and by 2004, according to WTO forecasts, this figure will reach 11.5 million. Water cruises are organized both across the seas, oceans, and along various rivers. The organization of sea and river cruises has a lot in common. However, there are a number of differences in the capacity of ships, organizational features, service programs, as well as the location of tours among sea and river cruises. Sea cruises. Today, sea cruises in the world are experiencing a happy period of growth. The cruise fleet is growing, the designs of passenger ships are being improved, their comfort is increasing, and new sea and ocean routes are being developed. Boat travel is most popular in the USA, Great Britain and Germany. Demand for cruise voyages is noted in France, Italy, Switzerland and other countries. Main cruise regions: ) Mediterranean Sea - from May to October; ) Caribbean winter months; ) around Europe and Scandinavia - from mid-May to the end of August. The largest cruise operators are the American ones: Carnival Cruise Line Corporation (CCL), Royal Caribbean, as well as the British P&O Cruises Divison. Payment on ships depends on: on the comfort of the vessel; River cruises. Unlike sea cruises, river cruises are less susceptible to weather influences, more informative, as they have a coastal view, and there is an excellent opportunity to use green parking lots. Western Europe has a fairly extensive navigable network of waterways. The Seine, Elbe, Danube, Rhine and other rivers flow through its territory. All of them are connected by a complex system of canals, which provides excellent opportunities for the growing popularity of river cruise travel. Germany holds first place in river cruises, followed by Great Britain, Holland, Switzerland and Austria. The most popular routes are along the Rhine and its tributaries (Moselle, Main, Neckar, Weser). In Europe, river cruises along the Danube through seven countries are in great demand. Tourist transportation is carried out along 80 different routes with a duration from 3 to 20 days. The shipping companies of the Central and North-Western basins carry out about 87% of all transportation of tourists. When serving tourists on ship tours, the following persons take part: ship's crew; ship restaurant workers; cruise tourist crew. CONCLUSION Transportation occupies one of the central places in almost any tourism product and is an integral stage of travel and tourist trips. The transportation industry is decisive in the generation of tourism activities and tourism as a highly profitable sector of the economy. Without transport there is no tourism, not to mention walking excursions and hikes, limited both by the number of tourists and by distance. Scientific and technological progress in society has led to the emergence of vehicles that can quickly transport a person to anywhere in the world, as well as to the introduction of new technologies in the field of transport services. The competitive struggle for clients both between individual transport structures and between carriers within each mode of transport has given a powerful impetus to the process of improving service for passengers. An increase in the level of service is manifested in the modern technical equipment of rolling stock, the creation of comfortable travel conditions, the organization of leisure time for passengers on board vehicles, the provision of special meals to them, and the development of incentive programs for regular customers of transport companies. Thus, we can conclude that the transport and tourism complexes are in continuous interaction, constantly influencing each other’s development, especially in the context of expanding travel geography, international relations, and globalization of the world economy. In such a situation, clear coordination of activities and cooperation between the subjects of the transport complex and the tourism industry are necessary. Only in this case is it possible to effectively operate the tourism and transport sector of the world economy and fully satisfy the needs of the main object - the tourist. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.Brammer R.A. Fundamentals of management in the hospitality industry / Transl. from English - M.: Aspect Press, 1995. - 362 p. .Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation. .Ilyina E.N., Tourism - travel. Creation of a travel company. Agency business: A textbook for tourism colleges and universities. -M., 1998. .M.V. Gordienko “Integration processes and public management of the strategic development of the tourism industry in a market economy.” // Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conf. Management-98. .Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism: Textbook. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2000. - 320 p. .Encyclopedia of Tourism: Directory / Author-comp. I.V. Zorin, V A Quarterly. M.: Finance and Statistics, 2001. 7.Transport in tourism [Electronic resource]: tourist. portal, - M., 2013. - Access mode to the portal: Transport support in tourism [Electronic resource]: el. Magazine, - Novosibirsk, - 2012-2014..aspx?id=601237.-> Title from the screen.
