According to the definition of tourism, becoming a tourist is very simple, you just need to get out of work and beyond your permanent residence. Let's try to trace what pushes a person on a journey, the force that does not allow one to sit still. The first condition that makes tourism possible is dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction with your reality, everyday life here and now.
What motivates a person to travel? To satisfy what needs should you leave your home? In order to go or travel somewhere, you must first of all feel the absence of something, the need to look for that living space where you can satisfy your needs. The peculiarity of tourism from this point of view is that the journey is always limited in time and the starting point coincides with the end of the journey. Tourism is not about satisfying the need to permanently change a person's living environment.
The peculiarity of tourism will become clear when we try to answer the following questions:
— Why is it necessary to change the habitat when all the possibilities here have not yet been exhausted?
— Why, when traveling, do we not want to stay where we came forever, changing our place of residence?
— Due to what mechanism is the bifurcation of the environment into the real and the temporarily desired?
It is this temporary environment that encourages a person to engage in tourism activities, increasing several times the number of events and meetings that make up the daily course of human life.
The answer to these questions, apparently, should take into account that the need for tourism arises especially acutely at critical stages of human development, when he needs, at least for a while, to go beyond the ordinary, to find himself in an unusual situation. This activates and stimulates the process of transition from a previous state to another - a new one. After this, the person, enriched by the result obtained, returns to his familiar environment, where he continues life at a new stage of his development.
The basis of tourism as a certain type of human behavior and activity is a natural attraction to change the environment, to search for something new, to study the unfamiliar. The French existentialist philosopher Gabriel Marcel even argued that man is distinguished by the fact that he goes beyond the immediate given, that he has the ability to continuously move both in terms of spatial movement and in terms of spiritual growth. This gave him the basis to define man as Homo viator (“wandering man”).
So, travel is always associated with a double movement: self-affirmation and self-determination; it is a constant exit beyond the familiar and a return to oneself.
And although now tourism as a field of activity and as a certain type of industry for meeting human needs is defined as something specific, with its own attributive features that cannot be reduced to a simple trip, we should not forget its original deep basis - travel, the desire to master the new, unfamiliar , unknown, or in the words of a Russian poet: “wanderlust.”
However, there are several different levels, spheres and planes where this train to the unknown can manifest itself.
The first thing tourism activity is associated with is movement in geographic space, when a person gets acquainted with new territories.
Tourism as a leap to another territory
From the first moment of life, the child experiences the need for movement (first for the development of muscles and proper digestion, then for conscious purposeful activity) and the need for knowledge of the environment (first, as simple orientation in space, then - knowledge of the world around him and the people around him) allows create your living space. Tourism allows us, thanks to the cyclical activity of moving outside and back home, to gradually move borders and remove horizons. Just as in ancient times, pioneers discovered new lands by increasing the territory of their state, so when a tourist travels, he expands his space to include new territories. There is a process of understanding the earthly space; the most important images and stereotypes of its perception are formed.
However, it is known that in the process of life a person creates a certain social and cultural space, which can also serve as an object for satisfying the needs of tourists. Of course, such acquaintance does not always have positive consequences. Sometimes in a country there is an unacceptability of another culture, a different value system, a different social system (as an example, we can cite the negative reaction of the population of some European countries to “McDonaldization”).
In this context, the concept of “other”—other people, another culture, another way of life—takes on special significance. Travel is always about discovering the unknown. One could even say that the more different the environment into which a tourist finds himself, the more impressions and memories he retains. First of all, this difference appears in the form of an unknown landscape, the natural world, the human environment. But in the end, the tourist discovers another culture, other customs, another mentality. It is this area that is of utmost importance for the “wandering man.”
Tourism as a leap into another culture
Getting to know another culture allows a person to rethink his own experience and understand the origins of his own culture. However, the phenomenon of the “other” is ambivalent.
On the one hand, thanks to the presence of the excellent, another person begins to think about the legitimacy of his culture, his usual set of values. Through such a comparison, he himself rises to some higher level of personal development.
A tourist trip allows you to attend other people's holidays, carnivals, spy on other people's religious ceremonies and rituals, on someone else's life - another culture. But the tourist is allowed to remain himself, an outside observer. He can acquire, add something new, without sacrificing anything. Traveling is a kind of act of returning to the toy chaos of childhood, building a new not quite real world, where the tourist, by the way, is also perceived as a foreign, not quite real body.
Tourism allows you to look not only into another culture that exists somewhere nearby, but also to get into an environment that no longer exists.
Tourism is like a leap into another time
Visiting ancient castles, pyramids of the pharaohs or the Aztecs takes the tourist back in time, allowing him to turn back time for a moment, to virtually travel back in time.
Traveling through time, a tourist forms a holistic idea of the continuity of space-time existence. After all, each era of world history has its own imprint on the territorial space.
Familiarization with history at the scene of events, and not just from a textbook, contributes to a more complete assimilation of cognitive information, since real images of historical events reinforce the dry information of figures and facts. Traveling to places of historical events, a person tries to find his place in temporary, historical space - to understand his place.
Tourist activity necessarily involves moving in space for a limited time. It always has a beginning associated with going beyond certain spatial boundaries, and an end - return. It provides for the implementation of a set of goals that serve to satisfy the needs for movement, cognition, self-knowledge and other related needs.
It should be noted that a person in everyday life is a balanced system with stereotypical behavior, a system of needs and traditional methods of satisfying them. We wake up at the same time, go to work the same route, buy and wear things “like everyone else” and as always. But then vacation time comes and we go on a trip “like everyone else.”
Departure, the beginning of the tour, is the first violation, so far only a geographical deviation. But a person, as a component of a social system, is the bearer of a whole set of rules, stereotypes and norms. A change in one norm (the space of residence) affects all others, requiring a certain adaptation. And here the temptation arises, at least for a while, to change yourself, your “I”.
Tourism as a leap into another “I”
When traveling, a tourist always remembers his place of residence. Z. Bauman draws attention to the fact that a tourist, unlike, say, a refugee, has his own home: “Having a home is included in the security package: so that nothing overshadows the pleasure and in order to surrender to it completely, somewhere there must be home and a cozy, personal place where you can go after another adventure or interrupt a trip that turned out to be no longer as exciting as expected. “Home” is a place where you can shed your gear and relax, where you don’t have to prove anything to anyone or defend yourself to anyone, where everything is fair, undeniable and familiar. The serenity of home comfort pushes the tourist to search for new adventures, but it turns the search for adventure into a carefree and pleasant pastime: no matter how I look in what is happening around me here, on the tourist land, which I have not put on a mask, my “sincere face” unstained and stored in a place safe from dirt.”
A person gets a feeling of complete freedom. Rejecting his environment, a person feels “on top”, “above them”. At the same time, the specifics of tourism activities make it possible to stop everything at any time without risk. Such a “virtual activity zone” allows you to fully reveal a person’s abilities, test yourself, and get to know your “I” better without the risk of loss.
Tourism is not only a test of courage, endurance, courage, in a word, a struggle for survival (maybe even with elements of real danger to life). Tourism may be associated with an attempt to fulfill other social roles: I am a sailor, I am a peasant, I am a military man, etc. The internal goal is to reveal oneself, one’s capabilities and establish oneself in the eyes of others. This type of tourism originates from initiation rites, initiation into men, hunters or warriors, when in this way they found out their physical capabilities and the right to belong to a certain community. These rituals are inherent in all nations in one form or another, and through this, in one form or another, they are stored in our subconscious. This type of tourism embodies the heroic tendency in the formation of each person at the moment of transition from one social level to another. This type of tourism is most common among young people. Its peak occurs at the time when the process of transition to adulthood occurs, when the need for knowledge of one’s “I” and self-affirmation arises. Therefore, this type of tourism is primarily aimed at confirming the fact of overcoming some obstacles (this could be photographs of oneself at some objects, as confirmation of the fact of achieving them, some certificates, medals, etc., as a reward for overcoming some then obstacles, real or conditional). This type of tourism satisfies the desire to know one’s capabilities and self-affirmation.
Tourism is a leap into another world where a Heroic deed, an encounter, a miracle are possible. A world that will not be like everyday life. A real trip can be risky, but the tourist does not want to take risks, he wants to see, buy, try, but without risk, without sacrificing anything, without changing anything. Tourism is a fairy tale that has both a beginning and an end.
Tourism - temporary departures (travels) of people to another country or area other than their place of permanent residence for a period of 24 hours to 6 months within one calendar year or with at least one overnight stay in entertainment, recreational, sports, guest, educational, religious and other purposes without engaging in activities paid for from a local source.
The problem of defining the term “tourism”
It is quite difficult to give a brief and at the same time complete definition of the concept of “tourism”, due to the variety of functions it performs and the large number of forms of manifestation. In the process of development, various interpretations were given to this term and each of them reflects certain aspects of tourism.
The basic criteria for defining “tourism” are the following:
- Change of place: moving to a place outside the daily habitat.
- Staying in another place: the place of stay should not be a place of permanent or long-term residence (12 months or more).
- Payment for activities in the place visited: the purpose of the trip should not be to carry out activities paid from a source in the place visited or work activities (wages).
Modern tourism is impossible without activities for the production of a tourist product: special clothing, equipment, hotels, tour agencies, transport, etc., etc. However, this activity is not reflected in the currently proposed definitions.
Tourism classifications
Depending on the criterion by which travel is assessed, many classifications can be distinguished.
Recreational tourism
- medical tourism
- health tourism
- educational (excursion) tourism
- sports tourism
- extreme tourism
- by purpose of travel
- according to landscape and geographical characteristics
- by mode of travel: active, transport tourism.
Business tourism
Other classifications
- according to the method of equipment
- according to organizational form
- according to age and social status
- by activity during vacation
- on other grounds.
History of tourism
Tourism as a specific form of activity arose relatively recently, but its roots go back to ancient times.
Stage of professional travel and luxury tourism
Since ancient times, many people have gone on journeys to explore the world and discover new territories, with trade, diplomatic, military, religious and other missions. All these travelers needed certain services from the local population in terms of accommodation, food, etc. Historically, the first enterprises of the tourism industry were taverns, which had a dubious reputation as brothels.
In ancient times, the main motives for travel were trade, education, pilgrimage, and treatment. Sports trips (Olympic Games) also originated in Ancient Greece. The development of trade led to the massive construction of roads, inns, and taverns. Some inns were no different in luxury from the homes of rich people. The Roman aristocracy actively participated in recreational travel - to their villas, to the sea, to the mountains.
In ancient times, people traveled in the east in caravans on camels. We spent the night in tents or in caravanserais (an inn with a pen for animals). The level of service was much higher than in Europe due to more active trade.
In the Middle Ages, the religious factor intensified among travel - huge masses of people flocked to Christian and Muslim shrines. And only the Renaissance weakened religious motives and strengthened the individual character and educational orientation of trips. Young people often went on a tour of Europe before taking up the profession. European society vacationed in resorts in Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Greece, and Italy.
Mass tourism stage
This stage is characterized by: the emergence of specialized enterprises for the production of tourism services (19th century), as well as the formation of mass and social tourism (before the Second World War) and the rapid development of the tourism industry and mass conveyor tourism (before the 80s of the 20th century).
The emergence of mass tourism was facilitated by the development of industry, and as a consequence, the delimitation of free time and the emergence of paid vacations. In addition, the revolutionary development of transport - the appearance of the steamship, steam locomotive, and the expansion of the road network also played an important role.
The first upscale hotels appeared in Germany and Switzerland at the beginning of the 19th century; in the second half of the century, travel agencies were created that organized tourist trips and sold them to consumers.
In the first half of the 20th century, mass recreation, sports tourism and military-applied sports were stimulated in Germany and the USSR.
After the economic recession associated with World War II, a new phase began. Since the 50-60s of the 20th century, the active development of travel companies, mass construction of hotels and various types of entertainment establishments began. European tourism was focused on receiving American tourists, and since the 1970s, there has been an increase in outbound tourism.
Since the 1980s, the growth rate of tourism has slowed, and mass tourism has transformed into differentiated tourism. Tourism is becoming a way of life, and there is an increasing tendency to expand the range of services and the emergence of new recreational facilities. Individual tours, ecological and sports tourism are becoming popular.
Tourism in the USSR
In the USSR, a network of trade union medical, preventive and resort institutions, children's seasonal and sports tourism developed. Outbound tourism outside the USSR was surrounded by numerous obstacles and was available only to a narrow group of people. Families were not allowed to travel abroad. Along with this, the USSR occupied one of the first places in the world in terms of the scope of the tourist movement.
Recreational resources
Since recreational resources are distributed extremely unevenly on the planet, an increasing number of people go on trips for recreational purposes and motives. These recreational trips (therapeutic, health-improving, educational, sports) became the basis for the development of recreational tourism. Recreational aspects are always present in business types of tourism (business tourism, congress tourism, shopping tourism).
The implementation of a tourism business in market conditions can be carried out in the presence of four main components: capital, technology, personnel, and recreational resources. This means that, without having enough capital, one can acquire personnel, technology and engage in tourism. To do this, it is necessary to select a place where recreational resources are available, and if there is no such place, then create it. This is one of the specific features of the tourism business in market conditions. Since the fourth component - recreational resources - is the cheapest, in general this determines the high profitability of the tourism business. If tourism is associated with the creation of a tourist resource, then the cost of the tourism product increases sharply.
Recreational resources are understood as a set of natural and man-made objects suitable for creating a tourism product. As a rule, recreational resources determine the formation of tourism business in a particular region. These resources have the following main properties: attractiveness (attractiveness), climatic conditions, accessibility, degree of knowledge, excursion significance, socio-demographic characteristics, potential reserve, method of use, etc., these resources are used for health, tourism, sports and educational purposes.
Recreational resources can be conditionally divided into natural and socio-economic (socio-cultural).
Natural tourism resources are classified:
- by belonging to certain components of the natural environment (climatic, water, forest, etc.).
- by functional purpose (health-improving, educational).
- by exhaustibility (exhaustible: objects of hunting, fishing and inexhaustible: sun, sea water).
- by renewability (renewable: plants, animals and non-renewable: medicinal mud, cultural monuments).
Socio-economic resources include:
- cultural and historical objects (monuments and memorable places, museums, architectural ensembles).
- cultural and historical phenomena (ethnographic, religious).
- economic (financial, infrastructural, labor).
Despite its social and humane role, tourism modifies the environment. Reducing damage to the tourism industry to the environment is regulated at the state and international levels through environmental education, tax regulation, limiting the tourist and recreational load on natural resources, etc.
Thus, recreational resources are considered as one of the factors in the development of tourism and the basis for planning the production of a tourism product.
Tourism industry (tourism industry)
The tourism industry is a diversified industrial complex engaged in the reproduction of conditions for travel and recreation, that is, the production of a tourist product. It is one of the most significant economic sectors in the world, and for some developing countries it is the main economic sector (Cyprus, Malaysia, Thailand, etc.).
However, the definition of the tourism industry as a complex of enterprises in the production and non-production spheres, providing tourism services and producing goods of tourist demand, is a consequence of the sectoral approach. Therefore, it is worth considering that the tourism industry is not only a collection of the above listed enterprises, but is one of the forms of territory development.
Typical subjects of the tourism industry (tourism industry in the narrow sense):
- accommodation establishments (resorts, hotels, hotels, boarding houses, campsites, etc.),
- transport companies,
- travel companies (tour operators, travel agencies, excursion bureaus and guide bureaus),
- advertising and information tourist institutions (advertising agencies, advertising bureaus, information agencies),
- associations and government bodies for regulating tourism development (tourism committees and departments, public tourism organizations and associations).
Atypical subjects of the tourism industry (tourism industry in a broad sense): in the sphere of production - enterprises producing souvenirs, sporting goods, recreational goods, clothing for leisure and tourism, tourism literature, engineering products, photographic products; in the service sector - enterprises organizing entertainment, congresses, exhibitions and fairs, catering, bath and sauna services, cultural and educational activities, coaching services, medical services, credit services, insurance services, visa issuance.
Economic factors of tourism development
The industrial era, in which material well-being was the main value, is being replaced by the post-industrial era, where the main goal is impressions and sensations. Important factors influencing the development of tourism were the development of transport, communications, growing mobility, urbanization, reduction of working hours, and growth of social wealth.
Under these conditions, the socio-economic position of tourism is rapidly strengthening. Its share in global trade in services is more than 30%. In the world market, the tourism product is the leader along with oil. The annual growth of investment in the tourism industry is about 35%. Tourism has become one of the most profitable types of business and today uses up to 7% of global capital. Annual income from international tourism back in 1995 was estimated at $373 billion. At the same time, 567 million international trips were made. Tourism provides jobs for 137 million people. 
The rapid strengthening of the financial and economic position of the tourism industry has led to the fact that in many countries of the world tourism has become a significant factor in regional development. Territorial authorities of various hierarchical levels, from counties and districts to federal authorities, take care of the development of tourism and areas with valuable recreational resources. Tourism is considered as a catalyst for the regional economy, allowing the use not only of the entire complex of recreational resources, but also the most effective use of the total production and socio-cultural potential of the territory while maintaining environmental and cultural diversity.
Based on this, the authorities are initiating the development of a strategy for tourism activity, together with business - the development of tourism infrastructure, the creation of national parks and recreational areas, attracting investment and increasing the number of visits to the region.
According to the World Tourism Organization, in 2007 the number of international tourist trips alone amounted to about 900 million (in 2004 - 766 million). In 2005, Europe accounted for 444 million arrivals, Asia-Pacific countries - 156 million, North and South America - 133 million, and other regions - 75 million.
The tourism product finally turned into an economic category only in the conditions of mass tourism. Tourism intensity is an indicator that gives an idea of what part of the country's population (in percentage) makes at least one trip annually. When the intensity of tourism is above 50%, we can say that tourism in a given country is widespread. A country's tourism balance is the relationship between the cost of goods and services sold to foreigners in a given country and the cost of goods and services sold to citizens of a given country abroad. If the tourist balance is positive, then tourism is said to be active for the economy of this country (Thailand, Switzerland), if negative, tourism is passive (Germany, Russia).
From an economic point of view, the attractiveness of tourism as an integral part of services lies in a faster return on investment and receipt of income in freely convertible currency. The tourism business stimulates the development of other sectors of the economy: construction, trade, agriculture, production of consumer goods, communications, etc.
This business attracts entrepreneurs for many reasons: small start-up investments, growing demand for tourism services, high level of profitability and minimal payback period. In the tourism industry, the dynamics of growth in the volume of services provided leads to an increase in the number of jobs much faster than in other industries. The time interval between the growth in demand for tourism services and the emergence of new jobs in the tourism business is minimal.
Tourism, in addition to its enormous economic importance, plays a big role in expanding the boundaries of mutual understanding and trust between people of different religions and cultures. Its activities are not limited only to trade in goods and services and the search for new trading partners. It is also aimed at establishing relationships between citizens of different countries to preserve and prosper the world.
The task of developing tourism requires solving many related problems, for example, developing a transport system, developing a public catering system, improving image, and developing information infrastructure.
Geography of tourism
Europe
European countries receive the largest number of foreign tourists. In 1989-1997, the number of tourists arriving in Europe increased to 350 million people, and cash receipts from international tourism doubled. However, Europe's share in world tourism is gradually falling. Studies of the nationality of tourists traveling around the continent show that 90% of European tourists are residents of European countries themselves. Germans make up 19% of the total number of travelers, British - 10%, French - 7%, Danes - 6%. 
The relative loss of Europe's dominant position in tourism is due to:
- aging tourism product of southern European countries (Greece and Italy);
- high prices for tourism products in Northern European countries (Great Britain, Sweden)
- socio-economic and ethnic problems in Eastern European countries;
- growing popularity of Southeast Asian countries.
Tourist flows are mainly directed to recreation centers in Western and Southern Europe (France, Spain, Italy). This concentration is the result of the habit of summer beach holidays. The UK is known for educational tourism, while Northern Europe (Scandinavia and Ireland) specialize in eco-tourism.
America
America is the third region after Europe and Asia and the Pacific in terms of the number of foreign tourists. These are South, Central and North America, the Caribbean islands. Half of international arrivals to the region come from the United States and Canada, with Europeans taking first place here at 15%. 
The USA and Canada have a huge domestic tourism market and a highly developed infrastructure with an extensive hotel network and transport industry. The second place is occupied by the Caribbean islands, receiving 12 million tourists a year. In South America, tourism flows are relatively weak due to political instability and economic development. The main types of tourism are beach, sports, excursion, and business tourism.
Income from international tourism reaches 10-20% of total export income. This high level is a consequence of the competitiveness of the region and the specialization of some areas in tourism
East Asia and Pacific (EAP)
BAT is in third place in the world in terms of tourism development, and mass visits by vacationers to this region began in the 80s. XX century. These are mainly industrial countries - active exporters of goods: Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, India, Pakistan, Taiwan.
Since 1985, these countries have increased their share of tourist arrivals to 18%, and financial receipts from tourism to 20%. The main tourist flow is generated by the countries of the region themselves (78%). For example, Japan provides financial incentives for Japanese people to spend their holidays abroad. Second and third places are shared by Europe and the USA. 
BAT attracts tourists with its unique nature, and new industrial countries with business tours. Entertainment tourism is developed in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Japanese industry ranks second in the world after the United States. Singapore offers shopping tourism. Thailand is developing new beaches on the southern coast of the country and organizing educational trips to the northern part. There is a popular sex tourism industry in major cities.
Tourism is well developed in Australia and New Zealand, Melanesia and Micronesia. Pacific Island holidays benefit from the relative proximity of the Australian market and have a good image in Europe.
In the BAT region, the average spending per tourist exceeds the world average of $659 and amounts to $764. Although in some countries, such as China or Mongolia, spending by vacationers is extremely small - up to $200.
Africa
The number of foreign tourists visiting Africa and the monetary receipts from them are relatively small and amount to about 2-3% of the global total. The growth of international tourism in Africa was hampered by high prices for African products in tourism-generating markets. However, in recent years the region has switched to inexpensive mass tourism, mainly beach tourism, especially in the north of the continent off the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. 
The largest generating market for the countries of the region are African countries themselves, providing up to 50% of all tourists. Other tourist-producing countries are France, Germany, and Great Britain. This is explained by the fact that not so long ago these countries were the metropolises of African colonies.
The most popular tourist destinations are located: in the north - Tunisia, Egypt, Morocco; in the east - Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, Mauritania, Zimbabwe. Some of them specialize in luxury beach tourism and are developing a high-class hotel industry, receiving up to $900 from each vacationer.
In southern Africa, a popular tourist destination is South Africa, which tops the list of top countries on the continent in terms of arrivals and receipts. South Africa has a developed transport and hotel infrastructure, and is also becoming a fashionable country in international tourism.
However, Africa as a whole lags behind in international tourism because many countries in the region are not economically developed and do not have political stability, and military conflicts and epidemics continue in many parts of the continent.
Tourism in Russia
According to the Federal Border Service, in 2003, 5.7 million people left Russia for tourism purposes, in 2004 - 6.6 million people, in 2005 - 6.78 million people, in 2006 - 7.75 million people .
The formation of the Russian tourist market began in the 1990s, when three processes took place simultaneously: the collapse of Soviet-era enterprises (excursion bureaus, travel agencies); the creation of new enterprises, which later became known as tour operators and travel agents; modification of old tourism enterprises through restructuring to develop a tourism product that is in demand among Russian consumers.
Some countries have introduced a number of measures to attract Russian tourists: countries of the former socialist community of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.; simplification of visa formalities in Greece, Spain and abolition of visas to Israel; economic tours for Russian tourists (Egypt, Türkiye).
The highest priority destinations for domestic tourism are the European part of Russia, the Caucasus and the mountains of Western Siberia. This is a vacation in coastal cities - (Sochi, Gelendzhik, Kaliningrad seaside resorts); educational tourism in cultural and historical centers (“Golden Ring of Russia”, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Pskov, Uglich, Yaroslavl, Dmitrov, Kazan). Ecological and sports tourism, safari tours (hunting, fishing) are developing almost throughout the country; river cruises along the Volga, Lena, Irtysh, Yenisei, and sea cruises in the Far East are popular. Winter types of tourism, mountaineering, water tourism, trekking are cultivated in the Urals, in particular in the north of the Perm Territory, Altai, Caucasus, Kamchatka, Karelia, and Arkhangelsk region.
Statistics of Russian tourism abroad
Russian tourists abroad in 2010 - 2011:
|
to country: |
in 2010 thousand people |
in 2011 thousand people |
Growth from 2010 |
|
| 1 | Türkiye | |||
| 2 | China | |||
| 3 | Egypt | |||
| 4 | Finland | |||
| 5 | Thailand | |||
| 6 | Germany | |||
| 7 | Spain | |||
| 8 | Greece | |||
| 9 | Italy | |||
| 10 | UAE | |||
| 11 | Czech | |||
| 12 | Bulgaria | |||
| 13 | Cyprus | |||
| 14 | France | |||
| 15 | Israel | |||
| 16 | Austria | |||
| 17 | Great Britain | |||
| 18 | Switzerland | |||
| 19 | Tunisia | |||
| 20 | USA | |||
| 21 | Croatia | |||
| 22 | the whole world |
Dangers of Tourism
- Environmental hazards. First of all, tourism impacts the environment through excessive concentration of production and people in tourist centers, develops previously unused natural complexes and increases the impact of other industries (agriculture, construction, logging, hunting, fishing).
- Loss of cultural property. The commercialization of life and the development of tourism in certain regions leads to the vulgarization of traditions and a decline in the prestige of national cultures. Of particular concern to the world community is sex tourism and the export of works of art by tourists.
- Negative environmental impact. The natural environment constantly threatens humans with various natural disasters. The social environment has problems such as epidemics, HIV infections, crime, drug trafficking, violence, terrorism, piracy, and military complications. Every year, about 30 states are classified as unfavorable for tourism.
- Technogenic hazards. One of the most serious risks in tourism remains transport incidents, accidents and disasters. Major accidents at nuclear power plants, chemical plants, and military facilities create many problems. Accidents and fires at tourism industry facilities annually lead to injuries and deaths among tourists.
- Cultural conflicts are quite widespread in tourism; the difference in cultures and customs of peoples and countries often leads to mutual misunderstanding, sometimes tragic.
- Personal factor. Sometimes, having arrived at the resort and plunged headlong into all the delights of a carefree life, tourists forget about the necessary quality of any vacationer - vigilance. This is used not only by representatives of the “lower social strata of society”, but often also by official representatives of tourism services, be it travel agencies, insurance companies, carrier agents, or employees of hotels, boarding houses, etc. And what is most frustrating that there is no downward trend in such cases.
Popularization of tourism
Popularization of tourism is a variety of propaganda activities aimed at attracting people to engage in tourism. The popularization of tourism is carried out through the media (television, radio, Internet), as well as in personal communication between people in interest clubs and tourist events. The popularization of tourism is also facilitated by art, especially the genre of art songs, in which the topic of tourism is given a large place.
Traditional forms of tourism promotion:
- Television programs and films dedicated to the popularization of tourism. Among the television programs, one can highlight the Travelers Club - one of the most famous programs of Soviet and Russian television, promoting travel and tourism; and With Your Own Eyes - a program promoting travel and tourism in Ukraine.
- A weekend hike is an organized outing into nature for the weekend. As a rule, everyone is invited.
- A tourist club (tourist association) is the main form of organizing sports tourism tourists.
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