Post about Elk Island National Park. Losiny Island

There is a national park in Moscow, which is located on Losiny Island. This is where the green massif got its name. The first mention of the park dates back to 1406. The green area, located in the northeast of the capital, was a favorite territory for royal falconry and chase hunting. Since then, Losiny Ostrov (park) has not lost its attractiveness. But now the territory is used for other purposes.

History of the park

Losiny Ostrov National Park begins its history in the 15th century, but acquired its status later. The green area was first mentioned in written sources during the period when Moscow became the center of northeastern Rus'. At that time, the island belonged to the Taininsky volost, located along today's Yaroslavl highway. Ivan the Terrible loved to hunt in the park.

Later, a royal hunting farm arose on the island. The park began to be called the “Sovereign Trap Route” and acquired the status of a nature reserve. As before, hunting was organized in this territory, often with foreign ambassadors. The name “Losiny Island” appeared only in 1710. In the 18th century. it began to belong to the state department, and hunting on the territory was prohibited to everyone without exception.

With the advent of St. Petersburg, attention to the park decreased significantly, and it began to be overgrown with trees; trees were mercilessly cut down by peasants for their own needs. In 1804, the position of the island changed. Forest protection has resumed again. In 1805, the island again received the status of a nature reserve.

In 1822, the territory was divided into 55 quarters with one boundary wall encircling their common borders. Organized forestry began only in 1842. Until 1912, audits of natural resources were carried out, and the island was divided into 4 parts: one exploitation and three reserved. Losiny Ostrov National Park was created in August 1983. It was based on a ministerial resolution. Since then, the territory has been considered a very valuable natural monument.

Description of the park

Today, Losiny Island (Moscow) has an area of ​​over 116 square kilometers. Forest occupies 80 percent of the territory. It is divided into three zones. The first is the reserved part of the park, which is home to rare species of birds and animals. This part of the island is closed to visitors and is carefully guarded.

The second zone is called educational excursion. Tourist and ecological routes are laid through this territory, accompanied by professional guides. There are four visitor places in this part. The third zone is called recreational. It is intended for mass recreation.

Park location

"Losiny Island" (Moscow) originates from Sokolniki. It borders with the cities:

• Korolev;
• Balashikha;
• Mytishchi;
• Shchelkovo.

Losiny Ostrov Park is located on an area of ​​12,000 hectares, but only 2/3 of the forest area is located outside the Moscow Ring Road. From the southwestern border of the reserve to the Kremlin is only eight kilometers. The length of the park from south to north is 10 km, from east to west - 22 km.

Nature

"Losiny Ostrov" (park) is very beautiful. In the center of the territory there is a small swamp, from which the river begins. Yauza. There are also many streams and reservoirs in the reserve, forming a large water network. Previously, the park contained canals over 100 kilometers long. Now most of them are abandoned.

The largest canal is called Akulovsky and has been operating to this day. It appeared in the pre-war years and connects the Pekhorka and Yauza rivers with the Volga. Through the Akulovsky Canal, water flows into the Russian capital.

Separately, it is worth paying attention to Alekseevskaya Grove, which for a long time also had the status of a nature reserve. This is a unique territory, which is 250 years old. There are many swamps in the park, and they occupy a fairly large area.

Vegetable world

"Losiny Ostrov" (park) has always, even in wartime, been under the close attention of the country's leaders. Trees were constantly being added to the area. Thanks to the work of many volunteer designers, the reserve has acquired a wonderful appearance, as evidenced by numerous reviews.

Now more than 800 species of various plants grow in the park: lichens, mushrooms, etc. Many plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia. Pine trees mainly grow in Alekseevskaya Grove. Miraculously, centuries-old linden trees, taiga spruce forests and oak forests have been preserved. The grass cover is also varied. Growing in the park:

• forester;
• lungwort;
• wintergreen;
• buttercup anemone;
• two-leaf mine;
• sedge;
• Zelenchuk.

There are a lot of wild strawberries, blueberries and wood sorrel growing in the park, which visitors love. Since it abounds in swamps, there is also an abundance of lingonberries on the territory.

Animal world

The animals of Losiny Island are also very diverse. There are over 280 species of birds and animals in the park. Among them:

• 180 - birds;
• 8 - amphibians;
• 4 - reptiles;
• 40 - mammals;
• over 20 freshwater fish.

“Losiny Ostrov” (park) got its name for a reason. Since ancient times, many horned artiodactyls lived in the territory. The number of moose has survived to this day. In the post-war period, sika deer also appeared in the reserve.

Wild boars began to breed, and now their population has increased significantly. The number of beavers has been completely restored. There are many fur-bearing animals in the reserve:

• ermine;
• squirrel;
• black ferret;
• marten;
• mink.

At night, the park is dominated by owls and bats. Rodents get along well with animals, harmoniously complementing the reserve with their presence.

Biological station on Losiny Island

The biological station in the Losiny Ostrov park is located next to the ranger’s station. This is a place where you are allowed not only to look at artiodactyls. You can pet and feed not only adults, but also young ones. Moose take this calmly. These are very cautious animals and in the wild they always try to avoid meeting people.

At the biological station, artiodactyls are already accustomed to the presence of humans and willingly make contact. The staff of the reserve tell those interested about the peculiarities of animal behavior, their domestication and nutrition. There are separate individual excursions. In winter you can even watch sika deer. Visits to the biological station are by appointment.

How to get to the biological station?

It will take a long time to get to the biological station. There are many regular buses from the VDNH metro station towards the region. You need to take any of them and get to the first stop after the Moscow Ring Road. Get out before turning towards the village of Druzhba. Then walk along the main road for another 40 minutes. The path will take approximately 4 kilometers and will pass through the village.

When the road reaches a forest, you need to turn left. From there you will be able to see the barrier with the checkpoint. Go straight all the time, turn left at the fork and get to the biological station, which is equipped with a gate.

Losiny Island (park): how to get there?

There are several ways to do this. The entrance to the park is located from Prokhodchikov and Roterta streets. Nearby are the Babushkinskaya and Medvedkovo metro stations. The park can be quickly reached from the Los railway platform.

Or you can get there by buses No. 136 and 172, which depart from the VDNH metro station. Trams No. 29, 36 and 12 go to another part of the park. They depart from the station. m. "Ulitsa Podbelskogo".

Elk Island. Losiny Ostrov, a national park, northeast of Moscow (partly within the administrative boundaries of the city). Area 11 thousand hectares. Founded in 1983. Coniferous broad-leaved forests of spruce and linden with the participation of oak, maple, and... ... Dictionary "Geography of Russia"

The first national park in Russia in the northeast of Moscow and the Moscow region. Formed in 1983. St. Square 11 thousand hectares. The sovereign grove has been protected since the time of Ivan IV the Terrible. From the 17th century the park area was intensively used; from 19 to... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

ELK ISLAND, the first national park in Russia, in the northeast of Moscow and in the Moscow region. Formed in 1983. Sq. St. 11 thousand hectares. The sovereign grove has been protected since the time of Ivan IV the Terrible. From the 17th century the territory of the park is intensively... ...Russian history

Losiny Ostrov National Park IUCN Category II (National Park) Coordinates: Coordinates ... Wikipedia

The first national park in Russia (created in 1983). Located in the northeast of Moscow and its Forest Park protective belt, it starts from the Sokolniki forest park 8 km from the Kremlin and continues beyond the Moscow Ring Road to Mytishchi, Korolev (formerly Kaliningrad),... ... Moscow (encyclopedia)

The first national park in Russia, in the northeast of Moscow and in the Moscow region. Formed in 1983. Area over 11 thousand hectares. The “sovereign reserved grove” has been protected since the time of Ivan IV the Terrible. Since the 17th century the park area is intensively… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Elk Island- Sp Losinyj Òstrovas Ap Losiny Ostrov/Losinyy Ostrov L nac. parkas RF Maskvos sr … Pasaulio vietovardžiai. Internetinė duomenų bazė

Elk Island- Los other island (natural area in Moscow) ... Russian spelling dictionary

National park on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. Organized in 1983 on the square. 11,816 hectares, of which approx. 9,600 (81%) are forested. To the south and west it is adjacent to residential areas and industrial zones. The territory is crossed by roads (Moscow ring road, etc.... Geographical encyclopedia

Losiny Ostrov is the first national park in Russia, located on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. The largest forest area in Moscow and the largest among the forests located within the city (Moscow part). View of part of Losiny Ostrov... ... Wikipedia

Books

• Losiny Island, Borodin Vasily. Vasily Borodin (b. 1982) - poet, artist. Graduated from the Moscow State Evening Metallurgical Institute. Works as an editor, illustrates poetry and prose. Author of the book of poems "Luch...
• Losiny Island, Vasily Borodin. Poems by V. Borodin - an experiment, a study of the phenomenon of comparison. The author's attention is drawn to alliteration and very precise, even tautological rhymes precisely because...

Federal state budgetary institution.

Losiny Ostrov National Park was organized on August 24, 1983 on the basis of the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR “On the creation of the Losiny Ostrov State Natural National Park.” Along with Sochi National Park, it is the oldest in Russia.

The area of ​​the Losiny Ostrov National Park is 128 square meters. km, of which 30 sq. km located within Moscow. Forests occupy 83% of the park's area, swamps - 5%, and reservoirs - 2%.

Settlements on the territory of Losiny Island: the village of Mosvodokanal, Suponevo, Balashikha (Abramtsevo microdistrict), Novy Svet, Dolgoe Ledovo, Korolev (neighborhoods, Torfopredpriyatie, Pogonny, 12th Switch, Oboldino).

The national park has three functional zones:
- specially protected, closed to visitors, where natural complexes are preserved in their natural form. It serves as a refuge for large mammals and a nesting place for birds;
- educational excursion, open to visitors accompanied by a guide along ecological routes;
- recreational, intended for mass recreation.

The uniqueness of Losiny Ostrov is that on its territory, surrounded by a metropolis, a natural forest has been preserved, characterized by exceptional natural diversity. Part of the forests of Losiny Ostrov belongs to primary forests - a special type of ancient virgin forest that has been preserved for a long period of time and is not affected by human activity.

The main feature of the nature of Losiny Ostrov is the great diversity and mosaic distribution of plant communities on its relatively small territory.

More than 600 species of higher plants, 36 species of lichens, about 90 species of fungi, and about 150 species of algae are found on the territory of Losiny Ostrov. Species included in the Red Books of Moscow and the Moscow region are presented.

In the forest area, surrounded on all sides by cities with millions of people, about 180 species of birds, up to 40 species of mammals (including elk, wild boar, sika deer), and at least 13 species of amphibians and reptiles live or appear during migration. About 15 species of fish live in the park’s reservoirs.

The natural national park “Losiny Ostrov” is entrusted with the following tasks:
- protection of the unique natural complex of the park, preservation and restoration of the Yauzsky wetland complex, protection of rare species of plants and animals;
- promotion of environmental and ecological knowledge;
- creating conditions for the development of educational recreation, combining walks with observation of forest life, as well as conditions for everyday mass recreation of citizens living in close proximity to the park.

History of the creation of the Losiny Ostrov National Park

In the second chapter of the thesis, we will consider the Elk Island National Park. This park was not chosen by chance. It is unique in its natural, landscape, climatic and biological properties. Losiny Island is also a favorite vacation spot for people and has a developed base for research work. Offers an extensive program for schoolchildren and tourists.

Losiny Ostrov is a national park in the Moscow region and the city of Moscow. The area of ​​Losiny Island is 11 thousand hectares, of which 3 thousand hectares are within the administrative boundaries of the city. Losiny Island is located northeast of Moscow, in the center of the East European Plain with absolute elevations of 192-234 m above sea level. The relief of the island is moraine and water-glacial. In this area, coniferous and broad-leaved forests of spruce and linden with the participation of oak and maple are common; on sand and sandy loam there are pine forests.

The first Russian national park - Losiny Ostrov - was created on the initiative of the scientific and environmental community of Moscow on August 24, 1983 by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR No. 401.

Losiny Ostrov National Park is located northeast of Moscow, with a third of it located within the administrative boundaries of the city, and its forests begin just 8 km from the Kremlin.

The purpose of creation is the preservation of natural complexes as well as the optimization of environmental management, the development of national culture and the creation of conditions for organized recreation.

The park area is one of the popular recreation areas for residents of the capital. The structure of the national park includes a museum and excursion groups, a children's environmental education center, and two visitor centers.

On the basis of the national park, educational and environmental games, excursions, classes with schoolchildren, students, and teachers are held. There is a bus excursion route. Three ecological trails have been created here, and two more will operate in the future.

Natural zone: coniferous-deciduous forests.

The climate of “Losiny Island” bears the specific features of the climate of the Moscow region. According to long-term observations, the cold period of the year lasts 149 days (from the average date of the first frost - September 25 to the last - May 14). The period of stable frosts usually begins in the second ten days of October and lasts until the second ten days of March. The average daily air temperature during the cold period is -7.5 degrees. C. Sharp drops in temperature are possible, the absolute minimum is -43 degrees. C. The average height of snow cover is 41 cm, the average duration of snow cover is 140 days.

The amount of precipitation in winter is 262 mm.

The warm period usually occurs on average from April 5 to November 3, 216 days. The period of consistently warm temperatures lasts 133 days, the growing season is 129 days. The average season temperature is +16.1 degrees. C, absolute maximum +37 degrees. C. In the warm season, up to 454 mm of precipitation falls. Relative air humidity reaches 65%. In summer, winds from the north and north-west directions predominate; their speed usually does not exceed 3 m/s. However, when atmospheric fronts pass, wind speeds can reach 18-30 m/s or more. The forests of Losiny Ostrov were repeatedly exposed to hurricane winds (1904, 1943, 1998). In general, climatic conditions are favorable for the growth of mixed forests.

Due to the location of “Losiny Ostrov” both within the city limits and outside of it, some differentiation of climatic characteristics is observed. Thus, within the boundaries of Meshchera near Moscow, a longer duration of the frost-free period was noted, and the total amount of precipitation within the city limits was slightly lower. On the other hand, during the cold season outside the ring road, average and minimum temperatures decrease.

The relief is poorly expressed. The most picturesque area is in the southwest of the park, where the above-floodplain terraces of the river are clearly visible. Yauza with rather steep slopes to its floodplain. The period of warm days usually occurs on average from April 5 to November 3, 216 days. The period of consistently warm temperatures lasts 133 days, the growing season is 129 days. The average season temperature is +16.1 degrees. C, absolute maximum +37 degrees. C. In the warm season, up to 454 mm of precipitation falls. Relative air humidity reaches 65%. In summer, winds from the north and north-west directions predominate; their speed usually does not exceed 3 m/s. However, when atmospheric fronts pass, wind speeds can reach 18-30 m/s or more. The forests of Losiny Ostrov were repeatedly exposed to hurricane winds (1904, 1943, 1998). In general, climatic conditions are favorable for the growth of mixed forests.

The sources of the Yauza and Pekhorka rivers are located on the territory of the Park. The length of the Yauza from the Akulovsky hydroelectric complex to the Yaroslavl highway is 12 km. The upper reaches of the Yauza - the largest tributary of the river. Moscow is one of the cleanest watercourses in the Near Moscow region, which largely determines the environmental stability of the eastern part of Moscow.

The Yauza has several tributaries, the largest of which is the river. Ichka. The valleys of small rivers and streams flowing through the Park are characterized by insignificant depth.

Groundwater within the Park lies relatively close to the surface (1.5–6 m). A deeper groundwater level is noted in the eastern part of the Park.

Since the 19th century, intensive peat development has been carried out in the upper reaches of the Yauza. In the 70s of the last century, the quarries and systems of canals and roads were abandoned, partially overgrown, and in their place a unique wetland complex was formed in terms of biological diversity. The diversity of habitats: alternating open water spaces, wetlands, channels, dry manes overgrown with birch trees, areas of flooded meadows determines the richness of aquatic and semi-aquatic flora and fauna.

The soil cover of the Park territory, according to the State Research Institute of Land Resources, is characterized as very heterogeneous due to the heterogeneity of soil-forming rocks and moisture conditions. Soddy-podzolic and soddy-podzolic gley soils predominate, occupying the tops and slopes of local watersheds. Bog-podzolic, sod-gley and peat bog soils are associated with negative forms of relief. Alluvial (floodplain) soils form in river floodplains. Small areas of watersheds are occupied by soddy soils.

Losiny Island serves as a breeding ground and stopover area for waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds (gray-cheeked grebe, great grebes, great and little bitterns, etc.). Mammals are represented by 45 species; elk, wild boar, fox, black polecat, ermine, weasel, hares - hare and hare - live here; Muskrat and beaver (reacclimatized) are found in the reservoirs. The rivers are home to pike, perch, roach, crucian carp, and burbot.

The history of this national park is primarily associated with grand-ducal hunts in Rus', especially with the name of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich Romanov. Thus, during the years of his reign (1629–1676), a falcon yard was established in Sokolnicheskaya Grove, the southern tip of “Losiny Island,” where birds of prey were taught the art of hunting.

The regime of the Sovereign Grove, which was aimed at protecting nature, was for a long time close to a nature reserve, so the centuries-old forests of “Losiny Ostrov” remained practically untouched until the 19th century.

Losiny Ostrov National Park is also interesting in terms of historical and cultural attractions. Archaeological research has revealed the Vyatichi burial mounds (IX–XI centuries) and ancient settlements to the whole world. Excavations in Alekseevskaya Grove became a sensation; the remains of a palace building from the mid-17th century were discovered here. The history of the Mytishchi pumping station is strongly connected with the construction of the first gravity water supply system in Russia during the times of Catherine II. Once upon a time, in the area of ​​Losiny Ostrov, there was a chapel on the famous Thunder Spring, the most abundant source of water for the capital city. The Belokamennaya station on the first Moscow circular railway is a rare monument of industrial architecture. On the Yaroslavskoye Highway (which is the former road to the Trinity), park visitors can see Poklonnaya Gora, a holy place for pilgrims.

Organization of the territory of the Losiny Ostrov National Park

Geographically, the Park is confined to the junction of the Meshcherskaya lowland and the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge, which is the watershed of the Moscow and Klyazma rivers. The terrain of the territory is a slightly undulating plain.

During the Moscow glaciation, the area found itself in the zone of terminal moraines of the glacier and their episodic movements. From the active influence of melted glacial waters of the later Valdai glaciation, most of the Park’s territory was protected by the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge.

The absolute altitudes of the area range from 146 (floodplain of the Yauza River) to 175 m above sea level. The formed gentle hills and ridges in the central part of the Park are composed of moraine loams, often washed from above to a depth of several tens of centimeters. In the depressions of the relief lie sands, underlain at shallow depths by loamy moraine deposits. Swamps have formed in closed lowlands where glacial lakes were previously located.

The national park is located on a gently undulating plain at the junction of the southern slope of the Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge and the northwestern tip of Meshchera near Moscow, and occupies the Klyazma-Yauzsko-Pekhora watershed. Absolute heights range from 146 m to 178 m.

The following large geomorphological units are distinguished on the territory of the national park: the Mytishchi water-glacial inclined plain (in the northern part of the park), the Verkhne-Yauz lake-swamp massif, the Yauz moraine-outwash undulating plain, the Losinoostrovskaya elevated moraine plain with individual moraine gentle hills and swampy depressions, the Verkhne -Pekhorskaya weakly undulating outwash sandy loam plain.

The national park is distinguished by its exceptional diversity of soil and ground conditions for its small area, which is due to the combination of different geomorphological territories. The main soil-forming rocks are boulder sandy loams and sands of ancient alluvial and intermoraine deposits, clays and loams of the upper moraine, and modern deposits. The most common are loamy soddy-podzolic soils, followed by sandy loam and sandy soils. In hollows and along watercourses there are soils with excess moisture.

Forests occupy just over 80% of the national park's area. The share of coniferous forests accounts for 38%, birch forests - 42%, deciduous forests - slightly more than 16% of the forested area. In general, forests dominated by pine (Pinus sylvestris) occupy 21% of the forested area, spruce (Picea abies) - 15%, larch (Larix sp.) - more than 1%, birch (Betula pendula, B. pubescens) - 45%, linden (Tilia cordata) - 12%, oak (Quercus robur) - about 3%.

The northern and southern parts of the park differ in the nature of vegetation. In the northern part there are forest crops and “landscape” plantings. In the south, old pine forests derived from indigenous spruce forests are preserved as an integral massif. Pine forests with rich grass cover predominate. The forest stand consists of two sublayers, the first is dominated by pine (Pinus sylvestris), but spruce (Picea abies) is also found, the second sublayer is composed of spruce. The sparse undergrowth consists of hazel (Cogulus avellana). The grass cover is dominated by wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), a lot of lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), bifolium bifolium (Maianlhemum bifolium), needle ferns (Dryopteris carthusiana) and female common grass (Athyrium filix-femi-na), and yellow green grass (Galeobdo- lon luteum), gooseberry (Aegopodium podagraria).

In the central part of the park, spruce forests were almost completely destroyed and replaced by linden and birch forests. The second tier is composed almost exclusively of broad-leaved species. The basis of the undergrowth consists of hazel (Corylus avellana), forest honeysuckle (Lonicera xylosteum), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), viburnum (Viburnum opulus), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa), bird cherry (Padus avium), and warty euonymus (Euonymus verrucosa). The herbaceous cover is dominated by wood sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) and green grass (Galeobdolon luteum), they are accompanied by gooseberry (Aegopodium podagraria), hoofweed (Asarum europaeum), hairy sedge (Cagex pilosa), lily of the valley (Convallaria majalis), and male shield grass (Dryopteris filix-mas). ).

In the western part of the park, small areas of pine forests (Pinus sylvestris) with an admixture of linden (Tilia cordata), oak (Quercus robur), and partly spruce (Picea abies) have been preserved. Medium-density undergrowth of hazel (Corylus avellana) with an admixture of euonymus verrucosa, forest honeysuckle (Loniccra xylosteum), rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), buckthorn (Frangula alnus). Nemoral species predominate in the grass cover.

In the eastern part of the park, pine and spruce forests of the boreal type are common; birch forests with an admixture of spruce and pine are less common.

An exceptionally interesting object of the park is Alekseevskaya Grove, on the territory of which a protected regime was maintained for a long time. This is a unique area of ​​forest almost 250 years old, the main forest-forming species of which is pine (Pinus sylvestris).

Elk Island has always been famous for its rich wildlife. Due to the large area of ​​the massif, the combination of a wide variety of habitats and the long-term restriction of forestry activities on its territory, even today, when it is surrounded on three sides by urban development, in faunal terms it remains one of the most interesting among the forests near Moscow. In the last 10 years, thanks to the restoration of a large wetland complex in the upper reaches of the river. Yauza and the allocation of a significant conservation area (where economic activity has almost completely ceased and human attendance has sharply decreased), a very interesting ornithocomplex of semi-aquatic and meadow bird species has formed here, and magnificent spawning grounds have emerged. The park successfully reacclimatized the beaver (Castor fiber). All this gives hope for further replenishment of the park’s fauna from species that have disappeared from here in the recent past.

Over the past 30 years, slightly less than 280 species of vertebrate animals have been recorded in the park. Of these, 45 species are mammals, about 200 species are birds, of which the fact of nesting has been established for 139 species. Reptiles are represented by 4 species, amphibians - 8, fish - at least 19 species.

Of course, anthropogenic factors have the strongest and most ambiguous influence on the fauna of Losiny Island. Under the pressure of anthropogenic pressure, some species characteristic of the Moscow region as a whole have disappeared over the past 70-100 years (eagle owl, capercaillie, black stork, lynx). The wetland complex formed on the upper Yauza, entirely of technogenic origin, has become the most important nesting site for waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds in the near Moscow region. The river beaver, which is numerous in the Park, spreading down the Yauza River, has been penetrating into the territory of Moscow in the last 4-5 years. Also, in the last 3-4 years, there has been a process of resettlement of two species of ducks (gogol and ogar) from the so-called “zoo” population from the city to the region through the upper Yauza. And for small passerine birds, “Losiny Ostrov” serves as the most important natural corridor for penetration into the central regions of Moscow to maintain the number of unstable urban populations.

It should be noted that due to the lack of open habitats in the Park, a number of quite common species of animals characteristic of meadow communities are absent in “Elk Island” or their populations are in a depressed state (brown hare, skylark, lapwing).

It was from the Losiny Ostrov National Park that the goshawk began spreading throughout the Moscow forests and forest parks. The goshawk is the only bird of prey in the city that can cope with the hooded crow. In the Losiny Ostrov National Park, wrens and dunnocks, which are rare for other Moscow forests, are quite common; inhabitants of coniferous forests are the yellow-headed wren - the smallest bird of the domestic fauna; blackbirds. During flights and migrations in the urban part of the national park, nature lovers may be lucky enough to meet even such rare birds for the Moscow region as the golden eagle, snowy owl, gray crane, gray shrike, and blue tit.

Losiny Ostrov National Park is the only forest in Moscow where a high number of amphibians has been preserved: grass frogs, frogs, and common toads; Two reservoirs were found here, where in the spring several hundred frogs gather to breed.

In 1997, an inventory was carried out in the urban part of Losiny Ostrov, which made it possible to make unexpected finds. Plants and animals that were considered extinct within Moscow were discovered, as well as several species of insects listed in the Red Books of the b. USSR and RSFSR. Several more species of insects and spiders found on the territory of Losiny Island were registered for the first time and not only for Moscow, but also for the entire Moscow region.

The following recreational activities are carried out in the national park.

The history of Losiny Ostrov, noted by one or another written source, goes back many centuries. The first mention of the area, for which the name “Losiny Ostrov” was assigned by the beginning of the 18th century, dates back to 1339. The regime close to that of a nature reserve, established on Losiny Island, contributed to the conservation on its territory until the 19th century. practically undisturbed forests. In 1842, one of the first forest management operations in Russia was carried out on Losiny Island.

On the territory of “Losiny Ostrov” there are archaeological and historical monuments: mound groups - burial places of the Vyatichi people; settlements of the 9th-15th centuries; remains of the buildings of the hunting palace of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich from the mid-17th century. in Alekseevskaya Grove; monument of landscape architecture of the 18th-20th centuries. - Sokolniki Park"; buildings and structures of the Mytishchi water supply system - the first water supply system in Russia - a monument of industrial architecture of the 19th century; Belokamennaya station is a monument of early industrial architecture. XX century; monuments of landscape architecture of the Soviet period.

Losiny Ostrov National Park is located in the center of the Moscow agglomeration with a population of about 10 million people, and its recreational area is one of the popular holiday destinations for residents of the capital. The structure of the national park includes a museum and excursion groups, a children's environmental education center, and two visitor centers.

Since the creation of the park, its research activities have been aimed at the development and implementation of scientific methods for the conservation of biological diversity, natural and historical-cultural complexes and objects in conditions of recreational use; assessment and forecast of the environmental situation; creating a basis for environmental education activities, development of regulated recreation and tourism. Research work is carried out on the basis of a long-term program of comprehensive scientific research approved in 1998 by the Scientific and Technical Council of the park. It includes the following blocks of research activity: geological and geographical, resource and biological, historical and cultural, socio-economic, environmental and recreational, information and methodological.

Over the years of the park’s existence, several comprehensive programs have been prepared, which are currently being actively developed:

1. Study of floodplain lakes (bottom echolocation, thermometry, magnetometry, electrical sounding to study the geology of lake beds, dowsing, study of hydrological and hydrochemical regimes, species composition of flora and fauna).

2. Study and restoration of broad-leaved forests (describing the structure of plant communities, diagnosing the morphological properties of the soil, planting oak using various methods, growing broad-leaved species in a nursery).

In recent years, the park's NTS has reviewed and approved new programs:

3. Hydrological monitoring of lake reservoirs.

4. Geological and geophysical research.

5. Identification, study and preservation of the spiritual heritage of the park territory.

6. Phenological observations.

In addition, a complete inventory of the flora of higher vascular plants and mosses is currently being carried out by employees of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, research has begun to inventory the park’s fauna, and regular monitoring observations are being conducted in the main ornithological areas.

In the field of protection and study of historical and cultural heritage, regular archaeological work is carried out at the Devil's Settlement and other sites, research on the defensive structures of the Kozelsky zaseki, searching for the sites of disappeared villages along the old Gzhatsky tract, restoration of manor parks on noble estates.

Traditionally, employees of Moscow and Pushchino State Universities, Kaluga State Pedagogical University, Institute of Archeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, International Forest Institute, RNII of Cultural and Natural Heritage, VNIIGMIMTsD, Kaluga State United Local History Museum work in the park.

The results of scientific research in the park are presented in the form of reports and publications. Once every two years, the national park organizes a regional scientific and practical conference.

Thus, the following conclusions can be drawn.

1. Losiny Island has been preserved since the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible - first as the “Sovereign Reserved Grove”, and then as the “Reserved Forest”. Peter I, whose life was closely connected with the area of ​​Sokolniki and Preobrazhenskoye Village, organized royal hunts on Losiny Island.

Now the park is sandwiched between Balashikha, Mytishchi, Korolev from the Moscow region. And Moscow took him in pincers along the Yaroslavl and Shchelkovo highways. The park was dismembered by the famous Moscow Ring Road. It is also necessary to take into account that the park is also adjacent to areas with developed industry, but by no means with an equally developed system of wastewater treatment facilities.

Despite these numerous unfavorable factors, the park remains a unique territory in which a rare variety of plants has been preserved, including the vegetation of the Verkhneyauzsky swamp complex. The same can be said about the animal world: the number of sika deer, roe deer, pheasants, gray partridges, herons and other animals has even increased somewhat recently. This was facilitated, I think, first of all, by the economic situation: production volumes decreased, or even some industrial enterprises stopped operating, which previously discharged liquid waste into the Yauza and emitted gaseous waste into the atmosphere.

2. In recent years, other factors unfavorable for Losiny Island have arisen. The number of cars in the city has sharply increased and, accordingly, the emission into the atmosphere of exhaust gases saturated with lead compounds, carbon monoxide and other poisons. In addition, the recreational load in the park has increased, i.e. The number of visitors has increased, and not all of them have a culture of communication with nature. And stray animals have appeared in the park, posing a danger to indigenous species. Cases of rabies in stray dogs have become more frequent, and from them foxes, which have become carriers of the infection in the unique animal world of Losinoostrovye.

3. There are other unfavorable factors for the development of the national park. One such factor is the dissolution of the Ministry of Forestry, which financed and oversaw the park. The Ministry of Natural Resources, to which it has now been transferred, does not need the national park. Most likely, it is a burden for the new owners: funding has been reduced again.



The Losiny Ostrov Natural Park is the only national reserve in Russia, which is located within the metropolis, just 15 kilometers from the Kremlin.

A little history

The territory where the Losiny Ostrov park is located today once belonged to the palace Taininskaya volost. Ivan the Terrible also loved to hunt in these places. The park received the name “Losiny Ostrov” during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, who also loved hunting and used hounds to hunt moose here.

Already at the beginning of the 18th century, forest protection was organized here. Over large areas, forests were cut down, swamps were drained, and roads were built. Work was underway to plant coniferous trees. Shortly before the revolution, they wanted to turn Losiny Island into a national park. The plans were not implemented - the World War began. Losiny Ostrov Park was able to acquire this status only in 1983.

general information

Today this territory, 90% consisting of forests, occupies 116 square meters. kilometers. It includes three zones:

1. Specially guarded. The area is 54 sq. km. The area is closed to the public.
2. 31 square meters are allocated for sports and walks. km.
3. The recreation area occupies 31 square meters. km. and borders residential areas of the capital.

And the Yauza originate here. More than three ponds add pleasant variety to Losiny Ostrov. The national park has a significant area of ​​marshland. Flat terrain prevails here. The Klinsko-Dmitrovskaya ridge determines the north- and south-west wind rose over the forest.

Vegetable world

More than 60% of the vegetation is represented by deciduous trees, of which oak predominates. There are also birch groves. Linden is common. The rest of the forest is represented by pine, spruce and larches. Alekseevskaya Grove, located in the complex, is more than 250 years old. Some of the pines in this grove are over 200 years old. The unique trees were preserved thanks to the conservation regime. The grove is rightfully considered unique and adorns “Elk Island”.

The park delights visitors with an abundance of herbaceous plants. Lilies of the valley, bluebells, fuchsas, marsh lilies and many others grow here. At the same time, on the territory of the reserve there are no representatives of the flora that are listed in the Red Book of Russia.

Animal world

More than 40 species of mammals, 170 species of birds, 14 species of reptiles and amphibians inhabit Losiny Ostrov.

The park has become a haven for moose and wild boars, martens, hares and many others. The marshy meadows are home to the brown hare, whose population is steadily declining due to a shrinking habitat and the urban factor. More than 15 species of fish live in the waters of the Yauza.

Rest zone

There are always vacationers in the recreational part of the park, especially from nearby residential areas. In the middle of the forest you can find numerous benches for relaxation, a clearing with a children's playground and a place for sports.

Sports equipment in the park can be rented. Excellent multi-kilometer trails attract cyclists, rollerbladers and runners to Losiny Ostrov. The national park is a unique place for hiking. Here you can wander into the same one as the one described in Russian fairy tales.

There is also its own stable. Horse riding enthusiasts love Losiny Ostrov. The park is simply created for leisurely horseback riding.

While walking along the trails, you can feed the squirrels. There are a lot of animals here, and he is not afraid of people - he is ready to take food from his hand.

Winter gives the reserve a special charm. Skiing through untouched forests and the freshest air make this place popular even in the cold of winter. Skating lovers can satisfy their impulse on the frozen mirror of one of the reservoirs.

The sanitary maintenance service of the reserve daily removes more than 2.5 hectares of the recreational area from various garbage and dead wood. It is also necessary to eliminate the consequences of illegal picnics and natural dump sites. More attention is paid to places with the greatest concentration of people - playgrounds, reservoirs, popular walking routes. No matter how hard the sanitary services try, their work does not decrease. The situation can only change with an improvement in the quality of cultural education of citizens.

Attractions

In the forestry estate of the reserve there is a cultural and educational center "Russian Life". The exhibitions on display tell about the life of the Slavic people in the period of the 19th and 20th centuries. There is a large collection of folk toys made of clay.

Archaeological artifacts found during excavations of burial mounds from the Vyatichi era are also exhibited here. The place where these burials were discovered in 1989 was the Losiny Ostrov park. Photos of some of the exhibit items are presented below.

There is an elk station next to the ranger's site. Here you can not only see moose or wild boars - you can communicate with the animals and feed them by hand. Just walking through the park, it’s difficult to spot a moose. He is a very sensitive animal and at the slightest noise he moves deeper into the protected area.