Main types of tourist areas in Russia
Western tourist area. It includes the Kaliningrad region, where tourism resources are represented by historical monuments, as well as tourism opportunities on the Baltic Sea coast, especially in the area of the Curonian Spit, declared a National Natural Park.
North-West tourist zone. It includes: St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda regions; Republic of Karelia. Tourist resources are represented by the most interesting cultural and historical monuments in St. Petersburg, Novgorod, Pskov, Vologda, monuments of Valaam and Kizhi, opportunities for cruise travel and ecological tours, treatment at the resort of marcial waters, amateur hunting and fishing. Of particular interest to tourists are the possibilities of organizing winter recreation and entertainment in this area. In this zone, state nature reserves “Kivach”, “Kostomushkinsky”, “Nizhne-Svirsky”, as well as the Valdai National Natural Park have been created and operate.
Central tourist area. It includes: Moscow, Moscow, Vladimir, Kaluga, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions. This zone is distinguished by the largest number of diverse tourist resources, including the cultural and historical values of Moscow, historical monuments of the cities of the Golden Ring, as well as the cities of Smolensk, Ryazan, Kaluga. This area is also rich in natural resources that can satisfy the diverse interests of nature lovers, hunting, and fishing. Just like in the North-West zone, the Central Tourist Zone has good opportunities for organizing winter tourism. This zone includes the Oksky (biosphere) and Prioksko-Terasny state reserves, national parks: Meshera and Smolensk Poozerie.
South Russian tourist zone. It includes: Belgorod, Bryansk, Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Oryol, Penza and Tambov regions, as well as the Republic of Mordovia. In past years, insufficient attention has been paid to tourism development in this area. Therefore, many of its historical monuments did not receive much public attention. However, many cities have left a big mark on the history of Russia and therefore can show quite interesting historical and cultural monuments, memorials dedicated to the history of the formation and development of the Russian state, the history of the Second World War. On the territory of the South Russian zone there are quite a few natural conditions and attractions that can interest Russian and foreign tourists. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as: “Bryansky Forest”, “Voroninsky”, “Forest on Vorskla”, “Volga Forest-Steppe”, “Central Chernozemny”, as well as the national natural park “Oryol Polesye”.
Volga tourist zone. It includes: the republics of Kalmykia, Tatarstan, Mari El, Udmurtia, Chuvashia, as well as the Astrakhan, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Samara, Volgograd, Kirov, Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod regions. The main tourist attraction in this area can be considered the great Russian river Volga, with which many historical events of our country are connected. There are many cultural and historical monuments in the cities of the Volga region. For Russian foreign tourists, visiting the hero city of Volgograd is of particular interest. Tourists can also get acquainted with the ethnographic features, traditions, customs and folklore of local peoples. The rich nature of this zone makes it possible to organize various forms of ecological, adventure tourism, and travel according to specialized programs. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as Bolshaya Kokshaga (Mari El), Volzhsko-Kama (Tatarstan), Kerzhensky (Nizhny Novgorod), Nurgush (Kirov region), as well as national natural parks. Mari Chodra", "Lower Kama", "Khvalynsky", etc.
Ural tourist zone. It includes: the Republic of Bashkortostan, as well as the Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The Ural ridge, which separates Europe and Asia, passing through this zone, is in itself an attractive object of tourist interest. This zone is rich in a wide variety of natural and climatic resources, represented by flora, fauna, finds of modern paleontology and geology. There are also good opportunities for organizing eco-tourism and adventure tourism. This zone includes such state nature reserves as Basegi (Perm), Visimsky and Denezhkin Kamen (Sverdlovsk region), Orenburgsky, Shulgan-Tash (Bashkiria).
Priazovsko-Black Sea tourist zone. It includes: Krasnodar Territory and Rostov Region. The main tourist resources in this area are the Black Sea coast, with the famous resort cities of Sochi, Anapa, Gelendzhik, Tuapse, Adler and the balneological center of Matsesta, as well as resort places on the coast of the Azov Sea. The mountainous region of this zone has unique natural resources that can satisfy the most diverse interests of nature lovers. This is where the Caucasian State Biosphere Reserve and the Sochi National Natural Park are located.
Caucasian tourist zone. It includes: Stavropol Territory and the Republic of Adygea, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechen, Kabardino-Balkaria, Karachay-Cherkess, North Ossetia. The main tourist resource of this zone is the Caucasus mountain range with exceptionally rich flora and fauna. Numerous national republics included in this zone, representing national traditions, customs, and folklore of local peoples, have attracted and continue to attract large groups of Russian and foreign tourists. Of particular importance for this zone are the resort centers of the Caucasian Mineral Waters, which have extremely valuable balneological resources. Numerous mountaineering and mountaineering routes pass through the territory of the North Caucasus. There are such state nature reserves as Dagestansky, Kabardino-Balkarian, North Ossetian, Teberdinsky, as well as the Elbrus region national natural park.
Obsko-Altai tourist zone. This zone covers the Altai Republic and Altai Territory, as well as Kemerovo. Novosibirsk, Omsk. Kurgan, Tyumen and Tomsk regions. In this zone there are such state nature reserves as “Altaisky” and “Kutunsky” (Altai), “Verkhne-Tazovsky”, “Yugansky” and “Malaya Sosva” (Tyumen), “Kuznetsky Alatau” and “Shorsky” (Kemerovo) . The presence of such reserves and natural parks testifies to the abundance of natural and climatic resources in the Ob-Altai tourist zone, capable of satisfying the interests of travelers for a variety of types of tourism.
Yenisei tourist zone. The territory of this zone covers the republics of Tuva and Khakassia, as well as the Krasnoyarsk Territory. This zone is also distinguished by a large number of natural reserves and parks, including the following reserves: “Azas” (Tuva), “Chazy”, “Maly Abakan” (Khakassia), “Taimyrsky”, “Stolby”, “Sayano-Shushensky”, “ Central Siberian" (Krasnoyarsk).
Far Eastern tourist zone. It includes: Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Amur and Sakhalin regions, Jewish Autonomous Region. In terms of its natural - climatic, ethnographic and anthropogenic resources, this zone is not inferior to other eastern territories of the Russian Federation. The country's largest nature reserves and national parks have also been created and are actively operating: Bolshekhehtsirsky, Botchinsky, Bureinsky, Dzhugdzhursky (Khabarovsk), Zeysky, Khingansky (Amur), Lazovsky, Sikhote - Alinsky", "Khankaysky" (Primorye), "Poronaisky", "Kurilsky" (Sakhalin). Along with these reserves, this zone has many natural conditions for organizing sports and adventure tourism, amateur hunting and fishing, and getting to know historical monuments, customs and folklore of local peoples.
Russian North. This is the largest tourist area, stretching along the entire northern border of our country. It covers the Republics of Komi, Sakha, the autonomous okrugs of Chukotka, Taimyr, Khanty-Mansi, Evenki, Yamal-Nenets, the regions of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kamchatka and Magadan. In this zone, the most interesting state nature reserves and national parks have also been created and operate: “Big Arctic” and “Putoransky”, “Magadansky”, “Kronotsky” (Kamchataka), “Magadansky” and “Wrangel Island” (Magadan), “Pinezhsky” (Arkhangelsk), “Pechero-Ilychsky” and “Yugyd Va” (Komi).
The most developed part of this zone is the European north: Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, which have regular sea communications with the countries of Northern Europe and host foreign cruises. This zone attracts tourists with its natural and climatic features: polar night, northern lights, white nights, exceptional conditions for adventure tourism, winter sports, northern fauna, ethnographic features of local peoples.
Characteristics of recreational zones according to a standard plan: geographical location of the zone and its constituent areas, the effect of the main factors of tourism development in this territory (recreational needs of the local population, conditions for their satisfaction, recreational resources), characteristics of recreational potential - natural recreational resources (landscapes, bioclimate , hydromineral resources), the ecological state of the natural environment, historical and cultural potential (cultural heritage monuments and social infrastructure facilities), the degree of development of tourism infrastructure and the material base of tourism, the functional structure of tourism and the dominant directions, problems and prospects for recreational development.
Tourist and recreational zones, tourist macro-districts, tourist meso-districts.
Tourist areas of Europe. I. Eastern European zone. Tourist macro-regions: Baltic, Poland, Central region, Black Sea region. II zone of Northern Europe. Tourist macro-regions: Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Iceland. Finland. III. Western European zone. Tourist macro-regions: British, Alpine, Germany and Benelux countries, French region. IV. Southern European zone . Tourist macro-regions: Adriatic, Pyrenees, Apennine-Maltese, Southern France.
Tourist areas of Asia. I. Zone of South-West Asia. Tourist macro-regions: Turkey and Cyprus, Palestine, Arab states (Middle East), Middle East. II. South Asia Zone . Tourist macro-regions: India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka. III. Southeast Asia Zone . Continental tourist macro-district. Meso-regions: Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore. Island tourist macro-district. Tourist meso-regions: Indonesia and the Philippines. IV. East Asia zone. Tourist macro-regions: Japan, Korean region, North-East and East China, South China (with Taiwan). V. Central Asia Zone . Tourist macro-regions: Western China, Tibet, Mongolia.
Tourist areas in Africa. I. North African tourist and recreational zone. Tourist macro-regions: Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Libya, Egypt. II. Sub-Saharan Africa zone. Tourist macro-regions: Western Atlantic, Western Inland, Eastern, Verkhnenilsky, Ostrovnoy, Southern (southern Africa).
Tourist areas of Australia and Oceania. I. Australian tourist and recreational zone. Tourist macro-districts:. 1. South-eastern Australia. 2. Eastern Australia. 3. Northern Australia. 4. Central and Western Australia. 5. South Australia. 6. Tasmania. II. New Zealand tourist and recreational zone. III. Tourist and recreational zone of Oceania.
Tourist areas of North America. I. Tourist and recreational zone East of the USA. Tourist macro-regions: Priozerny, Ohio, New England, Priatlaptic, Appalachia. II. Tourist and recreational zone Western USA. Tourist macro-regions: Rocky Mountains, Inland Plateaus, Western Ranges. III. Pacific tourist and recreational zone. Tourist macro-regions: Northern and Southern. IV. Tourist and recreational zone Center USA. Tourist macro-regions: Central-North and Central-South. V. Tourist and recreational zone Southeast coast. Tourist macro-regions: Florida Peninsula, Gulf of Mexico region. VI. Tourist and recreational area of Alaska. Tourist macro-regions: Southern region (Aleutian Islands, Kodiak Island and Drew), Central region (Alaska Range and the Yukon plateau descending from it to the north), Northern region. VII. Tourist and recreational zone of the Hawaiian Islands. Tourist macro-districts: South-East and North-West. VIII. Tourist and recreational zone of Canada. Tourist macro-regions: Priozerny, Priatlaptichesky, Mid-Western, Pacific, Northern.
Russia has enormous opportunities to attract tourists. This is facilitated by the presence of various natural and climatic zones; rich cultural and historical past 178 of Russia; large, undeveloped areas where wild nature remains. Unfortunately, due to a number of circumstances, Russia has not yet fully realized its recreational potential and uses its resources in this area rather one-sidedly.
| Tourism development zones of federal significance | Specialization by type of tourism | Cities and areas recommended for tourism development |
| 1. North (Barents Sea, Arkhangelsk, Solovki, Arkhangelsk, Vologda, Murmansk regions, Republic of Karelia) | Educational and ecological cruises, hunting, fishing, skiing, hiking, pilgrimage | Vologda, Volga-Balgiy Canal, Petrozavodsk, Kizhi, Valaam, Khibiny |
| 2. North-west (St. Petersburg, Leningrad, Pskov, Novgorod regions) | Educational, business and congress tourism, recreation, cruises, auto tourism | St. Petersburg, Vyborg, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Pushkin, Petrodvorets, Pskov, Valdai |
| 9.2. Sakhalin, Kuril Islands | Rest with treatment, educational and business tourism, hunting, fishing, ecotourism | Aniva Bay, Kuril Islands |
| 9.3. Kamchatka, Commanders | Ecotourism, hunting, hiking | Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Valley of Geysers, Commander Islands |
| 7.4. Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria | Skiing | Dombay |
35current state and problems of domestic tourism.
Domestic tourism is a temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from their permanent place of residence within the national borders of the same country for recreation, satisfaction of educational interests, sports and other tourist purposes. Due to many problems with tourism infrastructure, Russia cannot yet become the undisputed leader in world tourism in the next ten years. However, according to forecasts of the World Tourism and Travel Council (WTTC), the country's market will develop rapidly and in 2006-2014 Russia will become the second largest investment country in the world. The underdevelopment of tourism infrastructure, poor quality of service, and high crime rates in the country have led to the fact that Russia currently accounts for less than 1% of the world tourist flow. The domestic tourism industry has begun to change qualitatively and acquire the features of a dynamic, efficient and civilized sector of the economy. The attitude towards tourism on the part of regional authorities and the Government has changed. An increasing number of Russians prefer to vacation in their homeland.
36prospects for the development of domestic tourism in Russia...The tourism and recreational potential of Russia is enormous. It ranks fifth in the world for unique natural sites and ninth for historical and cultural heritage sites. According to the World Tourism Organization, Russia can host up to 40 million tourists. First of all, the most popular types of tourism in our country will be developed: resort and recreational, beach, cultural and educational, skiing, cruise, as well as active types of recreation. The main components are:
- territorial concentration on the development of tourist and recreational complexes in the most promising tourist regions of the country, combined with the use of a cluster approach in the implementation of regional investment projects;
- competitive selection of regional investment projects proposed for implementation within the framework of the Program on the terms of co-financing from the federal budget, attracting investments into the industry;
- an integrated approach to the development of the industry, taking into account the needs for tourism infrastructure, staffing and promotion;
- creation of an effective mechanism for state support of priority areas of tourism on the basis of public-private partnership;
- introduction of innovative technologies in the field of domestic and inbound tourism (based on the results of relevant research work).
To achieve the set goals and objectives, program activities and their resource support are developed, and indicators of economic and social efficiency are determined.
Many regions are quite active in regulating and supporting domestic and inbound tourism. New types of tourism are being developed: agroecotourism, ecotourism, sports and extreme tourism, water, automobile and hiking tourism.
38problems of inbound tourism in Russia
The formation of the Russian tourist market began in 1990. Three processes were going on simultaneously:
· collapse of old-type enterprises (excursion bureaus, travel agencies);
· creation of new enterprises, which later became known as tour operators or travel agents;
· modification of old tourism enterprises by restructuring to develop a tourism product that is in demand among Russian consumers. At the first stage of market development, mainly outbound tours were developed. The long-term deficit of outbound tourism in the USSR has created an increased demand for external tourism products. Some countries have introduced a number of measures to attract Russian tourists: visa-free entry into the countries of the former socialist community (China, Czech Republic, Hungary, Bulgaria, etc.); simplification of visa formalities in Germany, Italy, Spain; economic tours for Russian tourists to some countries (France, Spain). Shopping tours, educational tours, holidays in Turkey, Italy, Greece, the UAE, entertainment and youth tourism, educational and business tours, ski tourism, treatment and wellness, and sea cruises were in great demand. The outbound nature of Russian tourism was due to the following reasons: the novelty of a foreign product for the Russian consumer (lack of outbound tourism in the USSR); simplification of departure procedures; expansion of external business contacts; an increase in the number of enterprises and individual citizens who had foreign currency funds; availability of prices for outing tours; greater competitiveness of the foreign tourism product (better living conditions and hotel service in general, comfortable transport on tours and transfers). The development of tourism suffered significant damage due to the situation in Russia as a result of the economic crisis (August 1998). Many firms have switched to product development for domestic and outbound tourism. This made it possible to suspend the process of bankruptcy of travel companies and partially redistribute segments to domestic and outbound tourism. Disadvantages hampering the development of inbound and domestic tourism: · non-compliance of road and transport infrastructure with international standards. Few old airports, bus and railway stations, and parking lots with high service (refueling, repairs and car washing) are being built or reconstructed;
· non-compliance of the hotel base with international standards, in particular, the class of hotels and the level of service in them;
· inflated prices for hotel and restaurant services in cities;
· imperfection of legislative and economic stimulation of Russian inbound and domestic tourism at the state and local level;
· insufficiently qualified organization of tourist services, which creates a negative image of both a specific tourist center and the country as a whole;
· shortcomings in the policies of the state and local authorities to create a positive image of Russia as a country attractive for tourism.
39Prospects for the development of inbound tourism in the country
According to professionals, it is not at all necessary for a tourist to come to us for a week or two - it’s time to honestly admit that, unfortunately, we have nothing to occupy him with that much time. It is quite enough for Belarus to take advantage of its position and receive income from transit tourism. Just not the way it is done today - with expensive visas, compulsory insurance at the border, etc., but by offering a small but necessary range of travel services - one or two nights in a comfortable hotel, meals, several excursions, souvenirs. 2.5.Promising types of tourism
Event tourism is a relatively young and extremely interesting direction. Unique tours that combine traditional recreation and participation in the most spectacular events on the planet, including, for example, Formula 1 racing and football, are gradually gaining more and more popularity among travelers seeking to spend their vacation as interesting, fun and varied as possible. 2.5.2. Business tourism. In recent years, business tourism has developed at an accelerated pace. Thus, in 1990, out of 425 million trips made in the world, 63 million were for business purposes. This type of tourism is one of the most profitable and is of great importance for the host country. 2.5.3. Gastronomic tourism. When going on vacation, you should take into account the peculiarities of local cuisine in order to return home without extra pounds and health problems. Today's Russian tourists for the most part do not raft on mountain rivers and do not wander through forests with a backpack. He prefers to travel in comfort: three meals a day, a clean bed, organized leisure time. Such a vacation practically does not promise any troubles, and if it does, then only those that are associated not with a lack of comfort, but with its excess. And one of these troubles is a problem caused by the peculiarities of local cooking.
Outbound tourism. main goals and countries
40 outbound tourism prices and destinations
If we talk about the Asian direction, then in the statistics of the Federal Tourism Agency there are only 6 directions - China, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, Japan. Russians are attracted by the country of kangaroos Australia - 9% of respondents would like to go to this country. 7% vote for Germany, 6.5% for Italy, 6% for the USA and 5% for the UK. Next on the list are Spain, Canada, Switzerland, France, Finland, Sweden, Austria, New Zealand, Norway and the Czech Republic. Then Spain and Italy receive 800 Russians per year. 300 people annually choose Bulgaria and Greece for further residence.
In Norway, despite the rather serious requirements for immigrants, 200 Russians a year manage to break through (and stay).
The Netherlands, Poland, Austria, Belgium, Portugal and Turkey welcome 100 Russians into their close ranks every year. As for Bulgaria, the figure of 150 thousand people is announced - this is exactly the number of Russians who have real estate in Bulgaria - according to “experts,” the goals are business tourism, recreation, sightseeing, faith, national traditions.
41Prospects for the development of outbound tourism
international tourism is a systematized and purposeful activity of tourism enterprises related to the provision of tourism services and tourism products to foreign tourists on the territory of the Russian Federation. Outbound tourism is tourism of persons permanently residing in the Russian Federation to another country. In order to develop outbound tourism in Russia there are a lot of objective prerequisites: we are always open to mass tourism, huge cultural and natural potential is always attracted by an undivided and very promising developing market. There will be an increase in the number of tourists on the main excursion tours, and in terms of price, the tourism market will rise by four percent. The trend in the tourism market shows that there will be a consolidation of assets, as a result of which outbound tourism in Russia will continue to grow. The market share of large cities in the overall volume of the country's tourism business will also increase.
42concept recreational6 resources.types
Recreational resources- these are resources of all types that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism. Based on recreational resources, it is possible to organize economic sectors specializing in recreational services. Recreational resources include:
§ natural complexes and their components (relief, climate, reservoirs, vegetation, fauna);
§ cultural and historical attractions;
§ economic potential of the territory, including infrastructure and labor resources.
Recreational resources are a set of elements of natural, natural-technical and socio-economic geosystems, which, with appropriate development of productive forces, can be used to organize a recreational economy. Recreational resources, in addition to natural objects, include any types of matter, energy, information that are the basis for the functioning, development, and stable existence of the recreational system. Recreational resources are one of the prerequisites for the formation of a separate sector of the economy - the recreational economy.
43 environmental problems arising in the process of forming recreational systems
One of the very important, ongoing problems and research topics in recreational geography is related to the ecology of the most popular recreational areas. There is a serious contradiction in the fact that some, usually small, areas should receive abnormally large numbers of people. People stay in them for a short time and, as a rule, lead a very active and expensive lifestyle, which largely contradicts the task of maintaining these particular areas in an environmentally acceptable condition. Often these types of areas are unique in nature. The task is contradictory in its essence. On the one hand, everything is being done to really change nature and bring it into line with current standards of recreational services. On the other hand, nature is protected from recreationists. Without serving a significant number of recreationists, the area becomes ineffective in terms of its main function, investments in it do not produce returns, and as a result, economic losses. However, a large number of vacationers worsens the environment and thereby undermines the foundations of the existence of the recreational sector itself in this region.
The development of territories occurs through their transformation, and environmental crises of a larger or smaller scale are a natural result of development, which fully applies to recreation. As soon as the recreational development of the territory reaches a high level and the region is steadily visited by a large number of tourists, the threat of a recreational environmental crisis increases. Recreation in its developed form destroys itself, after which development moves to new areas.
44 environmental impacts of different types of tourism
Different types of tourism activities, firstly, have different impacts on the environment, both in intensity and in the form of impact; secondly, each type of tourism has an impact mainly in areas favorable for the development of this particular type of tourism; thirdly, by influencing the natural environment, tourism also affects tourism resources. Unfortunately, at present, the ratio between the positive and negative impacts on the natural environment and tourism resources is tilted in favor of the latter, which leads to the degradation of not only adjacent landscapes, but also tourist resources, and this, in turn, leads to degradation of the tourism industry itself. That is why strict control is especially important in the tourism industry when organizing tourism and recreation in the region.
Let's consider the impact of certain types of tourism on the state of the environment and tourism resources.
1. The most widespread of all types of tourism is sports and health tourism: - swimming and beach recreation, which is most popular among domestic and foreign tourists, and therefore has the highest degree of influence on the environment; - recreation using vessels with outboard boats motor, sailing and rowing, each of which has its own characteristics of influence on the water body; - fishing recreation, which is divided into fishing from ice, boats and from the shore;
Types of tourism associated with the recreational and tourist use of mountains include mountain tourism, mountaineering and skiing. Mountaineering has an impact on natural landscapes through the destruction of the top layer of mountains, their contamination with various objects and materials used during ascents: cans, plastic packaging, plastic bags. Medical and resort recreation is the most environmentally friendly type of tourism activity. Its impact on the environment is associated, first of all, with the infrastructure of this type of tourism. In this case, the impact on the natural environment occurs, as with other types of tourism activities. Educational tourism usually influences cultural and historical resources. Massive flows of tourists contribute to accelerating the process of destruction of historical and cultural monuments. In addition, the close relationship of educational tourism with other types of tourism activities leads to the widespread impact of this type of tourism on the natural environment. Business and convention tourism by themselves do not have a significant impact on the environment and tourism resources. The impact may lie in the use of motor vehicles, which, as is known, is one of the main polluters of the natural environment.
45 types of tourist environmental management
Tourist resources are quantitatively limited and qualitatively differentiated. They are recorded in a regulatory document called “ Natural Resources Cadastre". It can be presented either thematically or regionally. In addition to medical and health-improving ones, tourism resources also include historical natural resources.
Recreational resources– this is that part of tourism resources that represents natural and anthropogenic ecosystems, natural phenomena that can be used for recreation and health improvement of a certain contingent of people at a certain time with the help of existing technologies.
The capacity of recreational resources is determined based on the standards:
1. anthropogenic loads, in order to prevent violation of the ecological state of the natural environment;
2. maximum permissible loads, exceeding which leads to irreversible changes in the health status of the population. Maximum permissible loads are established in accordance with state legislation.
Healing natural resources– these are those recreational resources that are intended for treatment and recreation and belong to specially protected natural objects and territories. These include: mineral waters, healing mud, healing climate and other resources that are used for the treatment and prevention of diseases and recreation.
The most important element of environmental management is:
1. system of state budget financing of environmental activities. For this purpose, various environmental protection funds are created;
2. mechanism of fees for the use (pollution) of the environment and special use of natural resources;
3. payment mechanism for damage caused due to violation of environmental protection laws.
Hydromineral resources are divided into resources for mud therapy and balneotherapy (treatment with waters that have medicinal properties and are common in Ukraine in the Lviv and Kharkov regions).
46concept of ecotourism
Ecological tourism(ecotourism) is a form of sustainable tourism, focused on visits to natural areas relatively untouched by anthropogenic influence (according to Lukichev A.B.). “Ecological tourism or ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel towards undisturbed natural areas to explore and enjoy nature and cultural attractions, which promotes conservation, has a “soft” impact on the environment, and ensures the active socio-economic participation of local residents and their receipt of benefits from these activities.”
Tourist zoning– the process of dividing a territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special features and tourist areas are distinguished, differing from each other in the set and degree of expression of features. The WTO identifies five major tourism regions of the world: Europe, America, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania, Africa, and the Near and Middle East.
Tourist zoning of a territory is a rather important task, since its solution makes it possible to use certain territories for people’s recreation and the development of their culture with the greatest efficiency, as well as with minimal impact on nature. The development of scientific principles of tourist zoning and their further development make it possible to identify new tourist resources and other prerequisites for the development of tourism in still undeveloped places; identify and create new tourist areas of various types; correctly determine their tourist specialization; transfer the experience of tourism development from one area to another with similar conditions; differentiated treatment of tourist areas with diverse conditions.
Yu. A. Khudenkikh identifies seven principles of tourist zoning:
1. Integrity - the tourist area is a single and indivisible natural and public space.
2. Dominance of certain types of tourism activities.
3. Gravity towards the cores - identifying the organizing centers of the region.
4. Closedness of tourist routes, which should run within the boundaries of the region.
5. Hierarchy of tourist territories.
6. Level of development of tourism infrastructure.
7. Historical commonality of economic and tourist development.
In the domestic practice of tourist division of a territory, the following system of taxonomic zoning units is used: zone, district, locality, microdistrict, center, object (enterprise). Under tourist area is understood as: a part of the national territory in which there are two or more centers for receiving tourists with at least 5,000 places of residence or a territory in which display objects that attract tourists, as well as other tourist facilities (hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc.) are concentrated. . In geographical science, the concept of “tourist zone” has a wider scope and represents the largest territorial accounting unit in the field of tourism.
At the next stage of zoning, attention was paid to the predominance or combination of the leading functions of tourist enterprises: medical, health, tourism, excursion. These formations were called districts. Under tourist area is understood as an integral territory, characterized by a combination of natural, historical and cultural resources favorable for tourism, having tourist infrastructure facilities and specialization.
Within the districts there are tourist areas , characterized by common features of geographical location, homogeneous tourism resources and a narrower opportunity for specialization of tourism institutions. Tourist areas can serve as the necessary base on the basis of which a resort, recreation and tourism area will be formed. Under tourist district is understood as a set of tourist establishments and various related industries located in a compact territory and interconnected by a system of engineering and household support with centralization and cooperation of service departments.
A separate group of taxonomic units of tourist zoning consists of tourist centers and objects, as well as their complexes. In modern science tourist center is defined as an area that, in addition to tourist resources, has the appropriate infrastructure (transport, accommodation, catering, service, entertainment) to serve significant tourist contingents, and also attracts tourists due to the presence of specific tourist resources, convenient transport-geographical location and information available to tourists about him. Tourist site should be considered a special urban planning education, focused on providing tourists with a given volume of services and implementing specialized tourism programs.
Quite often, tourist zones are identified in tourism-developed countries rich in tourism resources. This term is used for those areas where tourism is well developed, that is, most of the territory is intensively visited by tourists. It should be noted that, having a great influence on the level and structure of the economy, both individual territories and entire countries, as well as their landscape, the life of the population, consumption and protection of recreational resources, etc., tourism seriously affects the appearance of these territories , often changes their specialization, changes their economic ties, and therefore acts as an important area-forming factor.
The most unified requirements for a holiday destination, as well as those directly influencing the development of this industry in any area of international tourism, are the following: 1) natural and climatic attractiveness; 2) cultural and historical resources; 3) the quality standard of hotels and tourist accommodation facilities, catering and the entire service sector, compliance with international standards of the tourist infrastructure available in the area, the availability of cultural, entertainment and excursion programs; 4) prompt transport and information accessibility; 5) political stability in the region and guarantee of personal security; 6) international fame and prestige of the place (image of the territory).
Tourist region: concept, characteristics and development cycle.The territory where a range of services is offered does not always have clearly defined boundaries. It can be part of the region, or a tourist center, where there is all the necessary material resources for organizing recreation and accommodating tourists. Such a territory can cover any region, country, or even a group of countries that the tourist chooses as the destination of his trip.
As Yu. P. Kovalev believes, among the main spatial features of tourism projected onto the specifics of tourist regions, it is necessary first of all to highlight the following:
Ø The tourist space covers three main elements: the territory of formation of demand and recruitment of tourists, the territory of supply of services (“tourist destination”, “tourist region”, “tourist area”) and the connecting territory between them, since the remoteness of the territories of demand and supply leads to the need use of means of transport.
Ø Tourism is a sector of the economy that produces mainly services that are carried out only in the relationship “client - seller of services” and only at the time of implementation of the agreement. This has enormous spatial significance, since the tourist must find himself in a place where tourist values are offered in the form of tourist and recreational services.
Ø There is a strong change in the spatio-temporal and structural flows of travelers. The presence at the same time of significant general, cultural, entertainment, health, and relaxation potential can lead to a variety of positive and negative changes in economic conditions, economic and social structure, and technical equipment of attractive destinations.
Ø The role of tourism as a factor of change is the most important for territories that are attractive from the point of view of tourism development, which are defined as tourist regions. The genesis of demand territories and connecting territories differs markedly from the genesis of tourist regions, despite the fact that they are a necessary component of the spatial tourism system. It is important to identify differences between the external environment and the content of a tourist region, as well as the characteristics of the tourist space as a whole, in which the tourist region is only a constituent element.
Ø Tourist values are heterogeneous. Some of the original tourist values are of a natural nature, the other part is created by man. They have different “geographies”. In the first case, it is determined by the little-changed natural environment, in the second - by the artificial environment. The boundary between these two groups of objects is not sharp, since there is a group of attraction objects that was created as a result of changes in the natural environment by human activity. The localization of initial tourist values determines the formation of territories with tourist specialization.
Ø A characteristic feature of the functioning of the tourist region is strong seasonality. This is explained by uneven opportunities to use natural values throughout the year and strong fluctuations in the use of free time under the influence of natural factors and social organization.
Ø The tourism region is an industrial and functional region. The presence of conditions that could possibly become tourist products (if there is a demand for them) does not mean that the territory will automatically turn into a tourist region. In this case, we can talk about areas of potential tourism development.
Ø The tourist region is tangible, since some of its parameters and features can be measured. Creating an image of a region is impossible if it is impossible to show its differences from others. The smaller the unit used, the more important its use will be in spatial planning, marketing, etc. Conversely, larger units have less practical significance, but their informational role increases.
Ø One of the features of tourism is the existence of specialized tourist regions, which have little importance in spatial planning, but are an important testing ground for the activities of tourist entities. The tourist region as a form of ordering series and spatial classification of tourism has enormous informational and didactic significance. This is its main value for consumers of tourism services.
Let us review the main points of view on the concept of “tourist region” and define it conceptually. WTO defines tourist region as a territory that has a large network of special facilities and services necessary for organizing recreation or recreation. A tourist region, in order to be considered independent, must have all the necessary facilities for tourists to stay in it, that is, a tourist region is defined as a place that has tourist facilities and services that are chosen by a tourist or a group of tourists and that are sold by the service provider. Thus, a tourist region is the purpose of travel and a tourist product at the same time.
L. V. Kovyneva defines tourist region as a separate territorial unit, in unity with nature and possessing physical-geographical, ecological-economic, ethnic-historical, political-administrative and legal properties that ensure its functioning. A tourist region is an intranational category that may correspond to an administrative-territorial division (for example, Saratov region, Primorsky Krai), occupy part of an administrative-territorial division (for example, Kirov, Perm) or represent a territory located within several administrative -territorial units (Kuban, Russian North).
Under tourist region often understood as a separate territorial unit based on a commonality of natural, cultural, historical and architectural resources, united by a common tourist infrastructure and perceived as an integral object. A tourist region can be considered taking into account the requirements of the vacationers themselves. With this model, four parameters are identified, based on which the vacationer, having once arrived at a vacation destination, wants to fulfill his tourist motives again. Depending on the experience, motive of the trip and distance from the place of residence, the vacationer identifies the following parameters: housing, location, landscape and excursions.
Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, linking common interpretations of a tourist territory, proposed the concept of a “potential tourist area”, which, having certain resources, becomes a truly tourist area only after the creation of the necessary infrastructure. Tourist area he defines it as a territory that has certain attributes of attractiveness and is provided with tourist infrastructure and a tourism organization system.
In turn, under tourist and recreational area, is understood as a territory formed by tourist and recreational demand, possessing tourist and recreational resources, conditions, the necessary degree of development of tourist and recreational infrastructure and differing from other areas in its specialization in certain types of tourism and recreation.
E. A. Kotlyarov, in development of the views of V. S. Preobrazhensky, developed the concept recreational and tourist complexes, which he defined as a combination of recreational facilities and related infrastructure enterprises, united by close functional and economic ties, as well as the joint use of the geographical location, natural and economic resources of the territory occupied by the complex. In this interpretation, the tourist and recreational complex is considered as the basis for the formation of a special territorial and sectoral formation - a tourist and recreational area.
Tourist areas are distinguished by the following characteristics: a) time of origin, historical features of formation; b) natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic and population prerequisites for formation; c) level of development of tourism infrastructure; d) tourist specialization.
However, not any region is capable of becoming a tourist region, but only one that has: a) the quality services necessary to receive tourists (transfer, accommodation and meals with an appropriate level of service); b) attractions to attract tourists, generating people's interest in the region and creating competition with others; c) information systems, which are an important means of functioning of the region in the tourism market.
Any tourist region in the process of formation goes through a certain development cycle (Fig. 7.5.). Initially, the main motives for people coming to the region are visiting relatives and friends, as well as business trips. Then interest arises in the natural and cultural attractions of the region being visited. These needs are easily met by the existing service sector, and visitors leave with a good impression.
Rice. 7.5. Development cycle of a tourist region
At this stage of tourism development, only a small part of the available infrastructure depends on the number of arrivals and the length of their stay. But gradually information about quality service and attractions is spreading, helping to increase the flow of tourists. Tourism enterprises immediately respond to this by developing specialized services for visitors.
The region is beginning to acquire the characteristic features of a tourist region: new accommodation facilities, catering establishments, entertainment, etc. are appearing. Investments bring greater profits and, naturally, new additional opportunities arise to attract tourists and serve them. Visitors change the way of life of local residents, introducing their traditions and culture. There is a need for management, the main goals of which are to promote the region in the market to attract the required number of tourists to support the tourism business at a high level, as well as to select tools that ensure the development of financially profitable forms and types of tourism. At this stage, the tourism management body makes decisions about what types of services to develop and how to satisfy the constantly changing tastes of visitors.
There is a constant influx of new labor into the region, as a result of which there is a gradual assimilation of local residents in their environment, which often leads to the loss of local culture and the formation of a new one, but no longer characteristic and not characteristic of this region. This is followed by irreversible environmental changes, due to which the region loses its attractiveness, the number of tourists decreases, accommodation facilities are empty, and profits are reduced. It is important to immediately respond to these changes by improving tourism development policies through the development of a new program.
E. V. Loginova divides the development cycle of a tourist region into four stages:
First stage– discovery and initial development. This stage is characterized by slow growth in the number of visitors, poor contact with the local population, lack of facilities and very little pressure on the environment and resources. So-called “wild” and sports tourism can effectively develop here, but this requires the presence of beautiful landscapes, without significant changes by human activity and a minimal presence of socio-economic tourism resources.
Second phase- development. It is distinguished by the rapid growth in the number of visitors, the emergence of special organizations and tourism and recreation services (hotels, bars, parking lots, etc.), increased contacts with the local population, for whom serving tourists is becoming an important source of income. The impact on the environment increases sharply and can become negative.
Third stage– maturity or stagnation. Here the limit of the territory's capacity is reached, the state of the environment becomes unsatisfactory, the local population begins to have a negative attitude towards tourists, the growth in the number of tourists slows down and then stops.
Fourth stage- decline or renewal. This stage occurs depending on whether new resources for entertainment and tourism are discovered or not.
Control questions
s What types of space do you know?
s Which group of spaces does the tourist space belong to?
s What approaches exist to defining the concept of “tourist space”?
s List the most important features and elements of the tourist space.
s Concept and types of tourist areas.
s Describe the model of the evolution of tourist territories by Yu. A. Vedenin.
s What is the essence of the doctrine of territorial recreational systems?
s Draw a schematic model of the recreational system.
s Why has the TPC doctrine been criticized by many scientists lately?
s List and describe the main subsystems of TRS.
s Define the concept of “tourist route”.
s What types of tourist routes do you know? Give examples.
s List the main factors in the formation of tourist centers.
s What types of tourist centers do you know? Describe one of them.
s Give examples of different types of tourist centers.
s What is a “tourist destination” and what are its characteristic features?
s What types of tourist destinations do you know?
s Identify and characterize the main stages of the destination life cycle.
s List the features and principles of tourist zoning.
s The essence and characteristics of a tourist region.
s Identify and characterize the main stages of development of the tourist region.
The process of tourist regionalization. The most fundamental reason for regional formation is the development of territories. These processes are long-term in nature even in the case of determining tourist specialization, which, as a rule, does not play a significant role in the economy and does not dominate even in the recreational areas themselves. According to D.V. Nikolaenko, the process of tourist and recreational area formation in an extremely general form can be described as follows 1.
First stage. The existence of an undeveloped but strategically important territory with potential tourism and recreational resources .
Second phase. The new area begins to grow rapidly. The mass consciousness affirms the idea that its tourist resources are unique. Recreation and tourism attract a large number of people who settle in the new area and remain to live there permanently. Powerful funds are being invested in the region, a specialized tourism and recreational infrastructure is being created, aimed at serving the population of the entire territory.
Third stage. The area reaches a high level of sociocultural development; a period of decline in its tourist popularity begins. A highly specialized tourist and recreational area is being transformed into a multifunctional one. Recreation begins to destroy recreation in it. The region has enough other economic functions, and even the disappearance of recreation and tourism will not destroy its economy. The region is becoming self-sufficient.
Fourth stage. Stabilization and reorientation of the tourist area. Tourist areas very rarely completely lose their original functions, and developing multifunctionality never displaces recreation and tourism. The number of tourists in the area is decreasing, their flows are stabilizing. The preserved tourist specialization reaches a high level of development. The area is becoming a sustainable tourist center.
The peculiarity of tourist and recreational area formation is that it affects both natural and social phenomena and objects. In general, this is an integral process that occurs at their junction: certain prerequisites in the form of favorable natural conditions are superimposed on the corresponding social and economic needs of development, which, under certain conditions, leads to the formation of a tourist and recreational area.
The main factor in this process is determined by the needs of territory development. The development of tourist and recreational areas is significantly influenced by many other factors, for example, the level of economic development of the territory, transport accessibility, a sufficient number of labor resources, and the existence of a settlement system. These are real factors in the specific process of development of a tourist area.
Recreational zoning division of the territory according to the principle of homogeneity of characteristics and the nature of recreational use. Its main features are the level of recreational development of the territory and the structure of recreational functions (therapeutic, health, tourism, excursion). Recreational zoning is a type of private, sectoral zoning that reflects only one aspect (recreation), which can be adequately described on a fundamental basis. Recreational zoning is an important scientific and practical procedure.
Consequently, regional formation is, in its essence, a process that often does not depend on the will and consciousness of man. Zoning, in turn, is a procedure, the nature and purpose of which is determined by the subject from whose position it is carried out. Depending on the tasks set by the researchers, various characteristics can be taken as area-forming characteristics. Their choice also depends on the scale of the territory under study (district, republic, state). However, each of them reflects only the particulars that determine the development of tourism in a particular region.
At the same time, to assess the state of modern tourism and the prospects for its development, a comprehensive analysis of the recreational use of the territory is required, which forms the basis of recreational zoning. In this case, the general geographical principles of zoning must be observed: objectivity, multidimensionality, hierarchy and constructiveness. Objectivity means that area-forming characteristics must reflect specific characteristics. Multidimensionality (complexity of assessment) is due to the variety of types of tourism included in the tourism industry. Hierarchy makes it possible to divide the territory into zones, subzones, districts and subdistricts, which are in clear mutual connection and subordination. Constructiveness is determined by the clarity of the tasks set during zoning.
Unlike the traditional economic approach, which considers only one function of the area - serving tourists, in recreational zoning the area is defined as a territory that is homogeneous in the nature of recreational use, therefore, it must differ in a set of characteristics. In recreational zoning, the following were chosen as area-forming features: the structure of recreational functions depending on the predominant use recreational resources ; degree of recreational development of the territory (developed, moderately and underdeveloped area); level of openness of the area; development prospects.
In the domestic practice of recreational division of territory, a five-stage system of taxonomic units of recreational zoning is used: zone, region (region, republic, district), district, locality, microdistrict. Recreational areas are allocated depending on the density of concentration of long-term recreation enterprises and developed recreational resources. At the next stage of zoning, attention was paid to the predominance or combination of the leading functions of recreational enterprises: medical, health, tourism, excursion. These formations were called districts. Under recreational area is understood as an integral territory, characterized by a combination of natural conditions favorable for recreation, having recreational facilities and specialization.
Within the districts there are recreational areas, characterized by common features of geographical location, homogeneous natural resources and a narrower opportunity for specialization of recreational institutions. They can serve as the necessary base on the basis of which a resort, recreation and tourism area will be formed. Under recreational microdistrict is understood as a set of recreational institutions and various related industries located in a compact territory and interconnected by a system of engineering and household support with centralization and cooperation of service units.
Tourist zoning the process of dividing a territory, in which areas are identified by the presence of special recreational features and tourist areas are distinguished, differing from each other in the set and degree of expression of features. UNWTO celebrates five major tourism regions of the world: Europe, the Americas, South Asia, Southeast Asia and Oceania, Africa, and the Near and Middle East.
Tourist zoning of a territory is quite an important task, since its solution makes it possible to use certain territories for people’s recreation and the development of their culture with the greatest efficiency, as well as with minimal impact on nature. The development of scientific principles of tourist zoning and their further development make it possible to identify new recreational resources and other prerequisites for the development of tourism in still undeveloped places; identify and create new tourist areas of various types; correctly determine their tourist specialization, transfer the experience of tourism development from one area to another with similar conditions; differentiated treatment of tourist areas with diverse conditions.
Yu. A. Khudenkikh identifies seven basic principles of tourist zoning 2 .
1. Integrity the tourist area is a single and indivisible natural and public space.
2. Dominance of certain types of tourism activities.
3. Gravity towards the cores identification of organizing centers of the region.
4. Closedness of tourist routes the main routes should lie within the boundaries of the region.
5. Hierarchy of tourist territories.
6. Levels of development of tourism infrastructure.
7. Historical community of economic and recreational development.
These principles require some comment. For example, the fourth point is quite difficult to implement in practice, since the most popular tourist routes In Russia, several tourist areas pass through the territory - river cruises on the Volga, the Golden Ring of Russia, etc. According to the authors, when identifying tourist areas, one should first of all be guided by three fundamental provisions.
Firstly, the tourist area must be integral in administrative and territorial terms. If possible, one should strive to ensure that administrative boundaries coincide with the boundaries of tourist areas. This facilitates statistical recording and comparison of regions with each other. The existence of two unrelated territories within one tourist area is completely excluded.
Secondly, tourist areas should have a certain specialization in specific types of tourism activities. It can be either pronounced, which leads to the formation of specialized single-industry areas, or diffuse, which leads to the formation of multi-industry areas. However, in any case, the area should have one or two priority tourism areas. For example, the Central region specializes in the development of educational and business tourism, the North Caucasus - medical tourism, the Mountainous Caucasus - sports tourism, etc.
Thirdly, within the framework of a tourist area, a specific type of its territorial structure is formed - a combination of areal, linear and point elements. The functions of the organizing cores of the region should be performed by tourist centers, since they serve as the basis for planning tourist routes and the formation of hierarchical structures of a higher level.
Consequently, tourist zoning is not an easy task. Its complexity lies in two aspects: the territory of the entire world is considered, that is, very different areas that are not similar to each other; zoning should cover places where there is practically no tourism or it is poorly developed, but there are certain prerequisites for it.
To the number area-forming factors in international tourism include:
the main features of the geographical location from the point of view of tourism (position in relation to tourist markets and host regions, to politically unstable areas and “hot spots”, relationships with neighboring countries, as well as with those states through whose territory they pass communications used by the majority of tourists);
the nature of nature, the level of comfort of climatic conditions, the wealth and diversity of recreational resources, the possibility and convenience of their use;
the saturation of the territory with natural, cultural and historical attractions, their interaction and position in relation to the main zones and centers of tourism;
degree of attractiveness of natural, cultural and historical attractions for the bulk of tourists and promising clientele;
level of accessibility of the area in terms of communications;
level of necessary costs in time to arrive at the destination and return home;
the general level of financial expenditures by tourists to travel;
level of development of tourism infrastructure (equipping the territory with accommodation facilities, communications, transport, catering establishments, trade, etc.);
level of service and qualifications of personnel serving tourists;
capacity of the territory for receiving tourists;
stability of the internal political situation;
level of safety of tourists in terms of crime and environmental situation;
level of general economic development, provision of labor resources, material resources and financial opportunities for the creation and further development of the tourism and hospitality industry;
territory from the point of view of its place in the tourism market, i.e. the volume of tourist flows and prerequisites for the formation of such flows in the future;
structure of foreign tourist clientele coming to the area;
main features of tourism in a given area (seasonal rhythms, duration, predominant types of tourism, main purposes of visiting, etc.);
attitude of authorities and local tourism bodies to tourism problems;
the economic role of tourism for a given area (amount of budget revenues from tourism, costs for the development of tourism infrastructure, the place of tourism among other sectors of the economy and the relationship with them, the impact of tourism on the employment of the local population, the overall economic effect of tourism);
prospects for the development of tourism in the area.
The importance of all these factors in the formation of tourist areas is different. Their action manifests itself in a wide variety of combinations. It should be noted that the zoning of many countries from the point of view of domestic tourism usually does not coincide with that in terms of international tourism, since an area that is interesting and accessible to its citizens may be of little interest or difficult to access for foreign tourists. Or, conversely, places that are attractive to tourists do not always arouse interest among the local population due to their everyday life. Therefore, it is always necessary to specify what kind of tourism we are talking about - domestic or international.
Tourist zoning of the foreign world is based on the following system-structural approach: the region is taken as the largest territorial unit, i.e. the following geographical development zones: Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, Latin America, the Middle East, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Central and East Asia, Africa, Australia, Oceania. The next unit of tourist zoning is the country. It is necessary to consider each country separately, since we are talking about international tourism, i.e., the exchange of tourists between countries. In addition, all statistics in international tourism are carried out by country. It should also be noted that the impact of tourism on the economy is also considered by country. Due to these factors, the country acts as the most important taxonomic unit when zoning in international tourism.
Quite often, tourist zones are identified in tourism-developed countries rich in tourism resources. This term is used for those areas where tourism is well developed, that is, most of the territory is intensively visited by tourists. It should be noted that, having a great influence on the level and structure of the economy of both individual territories and entire countries, as well as their landscape, the life of the population, consumption and protection of recreational resources, etc., tourism seriously affects the appearance of these territories, often changes their specialization, changes their economic ties, and therefore acts as an important regional-forming factor.
According to A. Yu. Alexandrova, the most unified requirements for a holiday destination, as well as those directly influencing the development of this industry in any area of international tourism, are the following:
natural and climatic attractiveness;
cultural and historical resources;
quality standard of hotels and tourist accommodation facilities, catering and all services, compliance with international standards of the tourist infrastructure available in the area, availability of cultural, entertainment and excursion programs ;
operational transport and information accessibility;
political stability in the region and guarantee of personal security;
international fame and prestige of the place (image of the territory).
Currently, when zoning tourists and assessing the degree of development of tourist territories, it is advisable to distinguish three types 3:
1) territories with the most valuable and diverse tourist resources, widely used for organizing recreation during mass holidays;
2) territories with a variety of resources for vacation, vacation and holiday recreation;
3) territories with limited resources, on the basis of which tourism and recreation can develop depending on the existing needs for the organization of recreational facilities, including on the initiative of local authorities in order to accelerate the socio-economic development of the regions.
Zoning, both recreational and tourist, reflects the essence and general patterns of spatial differentiation. IN tourism The concept of “tourist space” is actively discussed, as well as issues of its structuring. Tourist space is the most general concept, including both the concept of a tourist region and tourist sites. His can be viewed from a geographic and economic perspective. According to economics, tourism space is an economic space characterized by a variety of objects and entities specializing in tourism and recreation.
The tourist space from the point of view of tourism covers three main elements: the territory of formation of demand for consumers of tourism and recreational services; territory of service offering (“ tourist destination ", "tourist region", "tourist area") and the connecting territory between them. Thus, the tourist region is part of the tourist space, its constituent element. Consequently, the tourism space in the expanded sense is a set of regions in which demand for tourism products is formed; demand is satisfied; acts as a link between them.
So, any tourist space is formed by elements of three main types:
1) areal (areal) tourist zones and areas;
2) point (discrete) tourist centers and, partly, destinations;
3) linear (continuous) tourist routes.
Tourist region: concept , signs and development cycle.The territory where a range of services is offered does not always have clearly defined boundaries. It can be part of the region, or a tourist center, where there is all the necessary material resources for organizing recreation and accommodating tourists. Such a territory can cover any region, country, or even a group of countries that a tourist chooses as the goal of his trip. There are several approaches to defining a tourist region, related to the answer to the following questions: how to determine the territory that a tourist has chosen to travel, and what size of the territory is perceived by various market segments as the purpose of travel?
UNWTO defines a tourist region as a territory that has a large network of special facilities and services necessary for organizing recreation or recreation. From this definition it follows that a tourist region can be considered independent if it has all the necessary facilities for tourists to stay in it. That is, it is defined as a place that has tourist facilities and services that are selected by a tourist or a group of tourists and that are sold by the service provider. Thus, the tourist region is the purpose of travel and the tourist product at the same time.
L.V. Kovyneva defines a tourist region as a separate territorial unit that is in unity with nature and has certain physical-geographical, ethnic-historical, ecological-economic, political-administrative and legal properties that ensure its functioning. Tourist region is an intranational category that may correspond to an administrative-territorial division (for example, Buryatia), occupy part of an administrative-territorial division (for example, Khabarovsk) or represent a territory located within several administrative-territorial units (Zolote ring, Baikal region) 4.
A slightly different definition is given in the work “Planning for a Tourism Enterprise”: “A tourist region is understood as a separate territorial unit based on a commonality of natural, cultural, historical and architectural resources, united by a common tourist infrastructure and perceived as an integral object” 5 .
A tourist region can be considered taking into account the requirements of the vacationers themselves. With this model, four parameters are identified, based on which the vacationer, having once arrived at the vacation spot, wants to fulfill his tourist motives again. Depending on the experience, motive of the trip and distance from the place of residence, the vacationer identifies the following parameters: housing, location, landscape, excursions.
Yu. D. Dmitrevsky, linking common interpretations of the tourist territory, proposed the concept of “ potential tourist area", which, having certain resources, becomes a truly tourist area only after the creation of the necessary infrastructure. It defines tourist area as a territory with certain characteristics attractiveness and provided with tourism infrastructure and a tourism organization system.
A number of works use the concept “ tourist and recreational area", representing a territory formed by tourist and recreational demand, possessing tourist and recreational resources, conditions, the necessary degree of development of tourist and recreational infrastructure and differing from other areas in its specialization in certain types of tourism and recreation.
In administrative and economic practice, tourist and recreational areas are usually called territorial (regional) tourist and recreational complexes (TTRC), based on the fact that tourism and recreation are based on the integrated use of the economic potential of many sectors of social production, such as trade, transport, healthcare, culture, education.
Under tourist area is understood:
part of the national territory in which there are two or more centers for receiving tourists with at least 5 thousand places of residence;
territory with priority development of tourism infrastructure;
the territory in which display objects that attract tourists, as well as other tourist facilities (hotels, sanatoriums, boarding houses, etc.) are concentrated.
The lowest level in the system of tourist territories is tourist center city, natural object, area of terrain where a complex of tourist and excursion services has been created on the basis of concentrated tourist resources. It consists of tourist accommodation facilities, catering establishments, sports facilities, retail and other service enterprises.
So, tourist area a territory that has certain attributes of attractiveness and is provided with tourist infrastructure and a tourism organization system. Tourist areas are distinguished by the following characteristics:
time of origin, historical features of formation;
natural, historical, cultural, socio-economic and population prerequisites for formation;
level of development of tourism infrastructure;
tourism specialization.
However, not any region can become a tourist region, but only one that has:
quality services necessary for receiving tourists ( transfer , accommodation and meals with an appropriate level of service);
attractions to attract tourists, generating people's interest in the region and creating competition with others;
information systems an important means of functioning of the region in the tourism market.
Any tourist region in the process of formation goes through a certain development cycle (Fig. 3.5). Initially, the main motives for people coming to the region are visiting relatives and friends, as well as business trips. Then there is an interest in the natural and cultural attractions of this region. Such needs are easily met by existing services, and visitors leave with a positive experience.
Rice. 3.5. Development cycle of a tourist region
At this stage of tourism development, only a small part of the available infrastructure depends on the number of arrivals and the length of their stay. But gradually information about quality service and attractions is spreading, helping to increase the flow of tourists. This is responded to immediately tourism enterprises , developing specialized services for visitors.
Thus, the region begins to acquire the characteristic features of a tourist region: new accommodation facilities, food and entertainment establishments, etc. appear. Investments bring greater profits, and, naturally, new additional opportunities arise to attract tourists and serve them. In turn, visitors change the way of life of local residents, introducing their traditions and culture. There is a need for management, the main goals of which are to promote the region in the market to attract the required number of tourists to support the tourism business at a high level, as well as to select tools that ensure the development of financially profitable forms and types of tourism. At this stage, the tourism management body makes decisions on what types of services to develop and how to satisfy the ever-changing tastes of visitors.
In addition, there is a constant influx of new labor into the region, resulting in a gradual assimilation of local residents, which often leads to the loss of local culture and the formation of a new one, but no longer characteristic of the region. This is followed by irreversible environmental changes, due to which the region loses its attractiveness, the number of tourists decreases, accommodation facilities are empty, and profits are reduced. It is important to immediately respond to these changes: improve tourism development policies by developing a new program.
The model for the development of tourist territories, developed by Yu. A. Vedenin and supplemented by Yu. A. Khudenkikh, is also widely known (Table 3.2).
