The modern theme park industry began in 1955 with the opening of Disneyland in California, however, there were many opponents who predicted the uselessness of such parks.
But back in the 19th century. in the USA, there were already amusement parks with carnivals, which by that time had already gradually begun to degenerate and turned into entertainment for children. Petty trade, primitive games, cheap food and entertainment - that's all there was.
In this form, as it looks today, the theme park first appeared in the thoughts of Walt Disney, when he, sitting on a bench in one of the parks, watched his little daughters ride on the carousel. He, thinking that perhaps a better solution can be found to the unfair situation when adults are forced to pay for a ticket to the park, while only children get pleasure from staying in it. He thought about how to create a place on Earth where adults would feel like children and not be embarrassed by it, and children of all ages could have fun.
The fantasies that gave birth to Mickey Mouse and Snow White and their adventures formed the basis of the first theme park.
But these days, the theme park is different. Some characteristic features date back to ancient times, but most parks created after 1955 are a completely new phenomenon.
They offer family entertainment to their guests. There, children of all ages can have fun and even learn something.
As the country's population gets older, all theme parks need changes to offer a variety of forms of entertainment to people of all ages, and primarily of interest to the older population. This means that parks must become
more educational.
An example of this is the success of such parks as: "World of the Sea", the Dark Continent (theme: Africa), "Ancient Country" (theme: Western Europe).
Walt Disney's revolutionary achievement and idea was the creation of an educational and entertainment center in Florida, which found followers in other theme parks.
The success of a theme park depends entirely on how much fun guests have there. To be profitable, a park must rely on repeat visits. Even Disneyland, the most popular resort theme park in the world, must have regular guests. Therefore, the key to a park's success should be to create an environment in which guests leave the park with a desire to return. That is, you should continue to attract the same visitors. There are several approaches to achieve this.
The concept of theme parks is based on some main theme around which all attractions are built. The interest of guests is maintained by everything that makes them return to the park again and makes it possible to create a unified atmosphere in the park.
A central theme runs through the attractions, restaurants, shops and live performances. They should attract visitors and encourage their repeat visits. To ensure that interest in a theme park does not decrease over the years, it is necessary to periodically update the attractions. Since general food and small retail are not the main attractions of a theme park, these elements should work towards the overall idea or be replaced entirely.
Unfortunately, many parks are seasonal and operate 150 days a year, from May to September. Therefore, the significant cost of new attractions makes their installation economically unprofitable. Those parks that operate year-round update most of their attractions every 3-4 years. Other parks are modifying them or preparing new themed shows. In this way, managers create a sense of novelty for guests, maintaining the flow of visitors.
In addition to the requirements associated with constant updating of entertainment, a very important point is the price. Price is an essential element of presentation and should be relatively low. The price of admission will increase as the number of attractions increases, but guests should not feel that these activities are being carried out at their expense. The price also takes into account events such as parades and performances. The price includes admission and reflects the quality of the food and attractions. You cannot assume that if there is a huge flow of visitors, you can serve poorly and set any price. This will lead to the fact that an enterprise that was profitable from the beginning will suffer a complete collapse.
The park management is very attentive to values. A four-year-old child finds value in everything he sees, a twelve-year-old
The value for him is to experience thrills, a sixteen-year-old prefers performances, people of the older generation love patriotic performances. Values; existing for everyone in a theme park are an important reason for the park's repeat guests.
1.1. Legal regulation of tourism activities
At the present stage of development, tourism is playing an increasingly prominent role in the economy. Tourism, like any type of activity, requires clear legal regulation and management. Tourism issues are regulated both at the state and international levels. In the Russian Federation, the main legal act regulating tourism activities is the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” dated October 4, 1996.
This law recognizes tourism as one of the priority sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation. Since tourism in our country is closely related to sports, many issues regarding the regulation of tourism activities are reflected in the federal law “On Physical Culture and Sports in the Russian Federation” dated January 13, 1999. Tourism is part of culture, therefore the Law of the Russian Federation “Fundamentals of the legislation of the Russian Federation on culture” dated October 9, 1992 is directly related to tourism issues. The Government of the Russian Federation constantly addresses issues of tourism and sports. On January 25, 2001, the “Regulations on the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism” were adopted.
This provision repealed the previous provision dated April 27, 1995. In accordance with this Regulation, the federal executive body that carries out intersectoral coordination and functional regulation in the field of tourism is the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Physical Culture, Sports and Tourism (Goskomsport of Russia).
Every tourist is a consumer of goods and services. Therefore, the Federal Law “On the Protection of Consumer Rights” of February 7, 1992 is directly related to travelers. The rights of tourists are also protected by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
In international law, the main normative act regulating tourism activities is the “Party of Tourism”, adopted by the World Tourism Organization in 1985. One of the first official bodies dealing with tourism issues at the international level was the Conference of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations, convened in 1937. In 1975, the World Tourism Organization was created.
In order to facilitate interaction with various travel companies and eliminate the possibility of ambiguous interpretation of tourism terms, an official glossary of international tourism terms has been developed. And in the UK, the basic concepts that are recommended to be used in working with clients or in transactions between tourism organizations and tourism organizers and travel agents are enshrined in the Tour Operators Code.
A significant document for the development of tourism in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation”. The law formulates the basic concepts related to tourism activities.
The state recognizes tourism activity as one of the priority sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation, provides support and protection to Russian tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations.
The main goals of state regulation of tourism activities are:
Ensuring the right of citizens to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling;
Environmental protection;
Creating conditions for activities aimed at the upbringing, education and health improvement of tourists;
Development of the tourism industry that meets the needs of citizens when traveling, creation of new jobs, increase in income of the state and citizens of the Russian Federation, development of international contacts, preservation of tourist attractions, rational use of natural and cultural heritage.
The priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities, according to the law “On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities,” are the support and development of domestic, inbound, social and amateur tourism.
1.2. The role of theme parks in the development of world tourism
The popularity of theme parks as vacation destinations will increase every year. The European entertainment market is quite developed. The history of amusement parks dates back to medieval Europe, where Pleasure Gardens opened in the spring on the outskirts of major cities. The European market is divided into two types of parks, those that have developed over many years and those that have been specifically conceived and built as theme parks. Entertainment has now become a global industry with huge, rapidly growing revenues. Theme parks occupy a special place in this industry.
The idea of theme parks originated in Europe at the end of the 19th century. At the World Exhibition in Brussels, an attractions corner (from the French Attraction - “attraction”) appeared for the first time - carousels, a Ferris wheel. A little later, the world's first attraction on a literary basis, “From a Gun to the Moon,” appeared in Paris. Visitors one by one climbed into the cramped “spacecraft”, they were enveloped in smoke, and then a lunar landscape appeared behind the porthole. Together with the carousels located next door, it became known as Luna Park. The modern embodiment of the idea of a theme park is a park created in the Netherlands in 1952 based on European fairy tales. Entertainment centers organized in the form of a theme park are developing in the USA, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, China, and Australia.
Theme parks are growing in popularity. Over the course of a year, US parks are visited by over 90 million people, and revenues reach almost $3 billion. European theme parks welcome about 60 million guests a year (revenues are $1.8 billion). During the year, Disneyland Europe receives twice as many visitors as the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower. If earlier tourism products were mainly non-specialized, with the same characteristics, intended for mass tourism, now and in the future the tourism product should not only be diversified, but also correspond to the development trend of tourism demand, which is aimed at short-term multiple stays of travelers throughout the year. To this end, many countries are creating new concepts to attract tourists. Here, the use of theme parks as a tourist product of domestic and international tourism plays a significant role. For example, each of the Disneyland parks existing in the world (in the states of California and Florida in the USA, in Japan and France) receives 1 million guests per year in a short period of time. This number of guests represents 10% of the total US international tourist flow. The nature of the theme park business is directly related to the income and leisure time of the average person. Hence, we see that most of the theme parks grow very quickly during the economic boom with the increase in income and needs of the population. Among the main secrets of the success of theme parks, special mention should be made of the use of high technology: computer systems for controlling light, sound and animation effects, thanks to which visitors experience thrills and receive especially vivid impressions.
Thanks to the systematic updating of attractions and entertainment programs, theme parks form a permanent clientele and maintain large tourist flows.
1.2.1. The essence of the concept of “theme park”
Theme parks in our work include artificially created educational and entertainment parks, all structures of which are united by a specific or related themes. They differ from other parks in their concept, organizational and management structure, principles of organization and are a separate direction in the development of park management and tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment.
The development of theme parks in the world today is a complex process, both in terms of the evolution of the parks themselves and related entertainment, and shifts in their distribution. Their influence on the formation of tourist flows and recreational areas affects employment, economic growth rates, diffusion of innovations, etc. Compared to traditional amusement parks, theme parks use the latest technologies, are designed for visitors of all ages, and perform different functions: educational, entertaining, adaptive, compensatory, etc. Currently, theme parks are undergoing processes of diversification and integration, with the latter predominating.
The concept of theme parks is based on some main theme around which all attractions are built. The central theme of the park runs through the attractions, restaurants, shops and live performances. Every park should have its regular guests. Therefore, the key to a park's success must be to create an environment where guests leave the park and want to return.
Theme parks come in several categories:
1. Cultural-historical - correspond to a specific theme that is associated with one or more historical events (Disneyland, Asian Village Park in Singapore, Asterix Park in France and others).
2. National natural scientific and educational reserves are reservations with unique natural objects (waterfalls, canyons, picturesque landscapes, islands, etc.).
3. Oceanariums and dolphinariums are parks that specialize in collecting, maintaining, studying and demonstrating representatives of the aquatic environment.
4. Zoos are special scientific and educational institutions designed to keep wild animals in captivity (or semi-captivity) for the purpose of demonstration to the public, study, conservation and reproduction.
5. Attraction parks are amusement parks of various varieties. Every major city has similar amusement parks.
6. Water parks – water entertainment complexes. They combine exciting water attractions, traditional sports (tennis, bowling, billiards), visiting bars and cafes. In Russia there are about 30 water parks, open and closed, in many cities.
7. Industrial - use the educational and entertaining interest of visitors by turning the technological process into an attraction.
The participation of tourists in production processes is an important element of entertainment for young people and older people.
1.2.2. The history of amusement parks
Fairs in medieval Europe (for example, St. Bartholomew's, founded in 1543 in London) were one of the sources of the emergence of modern amusement parks. Since the Elizabethan era, fairs have become centers of fun for people with entertainment, food, and games. They became the natural birthplace of various forms of fun entertainment.
The world's oldest (and still operating) amusement park, Bakken, near Copenhagen, opened in 1583. The most famous of London's parks, Vauxhall Gardens, was founded in 1661. The Prater in Vienna opened in 1766. Founded in 1843, Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen is another example of a recreational park that continues to operate successfully today. These parks housed retail outlets, entertainment, displays of fireworks, and some "rides" similar to modern roller coasters.
World Exhibitions played a huge role in the history of amusement parks. The first such exhibition was held in 1851 in the Crystal Palace in London, specially built for this purpose. One of the largest in history was the World's Fair in Chicago (1893). It is seen as the forerunner of modern amusement parks. To make the exhibition profitable, the developers allocated a separate entertainment area called Midway Plaisance, which included various attractions, arcade and gambling games, and show programs. The attractions of the World's Fair in Chicago captured the imagination and began to be copied in amusement parks around the world, in particular the Ferris wheel, an invariable attribute of amusement parks. The amusement rides of the World's Fairs were the forerunners of modern amusement parks.
The Ferris wheel appeared in Paris in 1889. Gustave Eiffel built the famous tower. Four years later, the Ferris Wheel graced the Chicago Exposition and was considered an engineering marvel of the time: two 42-meter-tall steel supports supported the wheel structure, connected by an axle nearly 14 meters long—the largest forged steel piece at the time. 36 wooden booths were designed to accommodate 2,160 people. Since then, the Ferris wheel has become an important attribute of amusement parks.
Roller coaster (Russian coaster). Who would have thought that descents from artificially created ice slides would become the prototype of the many American (Russian) coaster attractions today. Taking advantage of the long Russian winter and the character of the Russian people, entrepreneurs in the central squares of cities erected tall wooden structures (roller coasters) and sold tickets for exciting descents to everyone.
Roller coasters were artificially created hills of ice. The wooden inclined device for sledding usually did not exceed a height of 24 m. The steep inclined plane was covered with a layer of ice 5 cm thick or more. Going down a slippery, steep hill with an inclination angle of 50°, the sled gained great speed. To make the descent more difficult, some slides were built with small bumps at the end of the icy descent.
The first roller coaster is believed to have been built by L.A. Thompson on the Coney Island Peninsula, New York, in June 1884. The new popular attraction brought the inventor hundreds of dollars a day. Over the next four years, he built about 50 more similar structures throughout America and Europe. The invention of the “father of the roller coaster” was a smashing success and forever changed the face of amusement parks.
By the early 1900s, there were hundreds of amusement parks operating across the United States and Canada. The American Gilded Age was essentially a "golden age" of amusement parks that lasted until the late 1920s. Amusement parks on the Coney Island peninsula in New York have become very popular. It became a testing ground for many new attractions and was considered the mecca of American amusement parks. At the time, Coney Island was the most famous entertainment destination in the United States. In 1876, two million holidaymakers visited it.
Hotels were built to meet the needs of visitors. The first carousel was installed in the 1870s, the first roller coaster in 1884. Opened in 1895, the Sea Lion Amusement Park was one of the first to charge admission fees in addition to selling tickets for the rides. Coney Island became an exemplary example of American amusement parks of the time.
At the beginning of the 20th century, a new type of entertainment gained popularity - tram parks. They were created, as a rule, by the owners of tram companies, or with their direct participation. The benefit in this case was mutually beneficial: the parks received additional customers, and the tram companies received passengers. The development of the automobile industry created more opportunities to meet people's leisure needs. Various sources report the existence of between 1,500 and 2,000 amusement parks in the United States in 1919. The 1920s, known as the "Golden Age" of roller coasters, saw a decade of rampant coaster construction.
The Great Depression and World War II, which began in 1929, caused enormous damage to the development of the young entertainment industry. According to the US Census Bureau, the number of amusement parks in 1930 fluctuated between 1800 and 2000, dropped to 303 in 1935 and reached its lowest level (245) in 1939.
During the war, a significant number of city residents moved to the suburbs, television became a source of new entertainment, and people went to amusement parks less and less.
By the early 1950s, factors such as urban crisis, rising crime, and even desegregation led to changes in the structure of leisure time. Point, Ohio, managed to survive difficult times despite a number of problems. During the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, many parks had a "no blacks allowed" policy and did not serve the black minority, even being threatened with closure due to low attendance. A number of US amusement parks could survive if they welcomed everyone.
A recreation area in which all the attractions, buildings, landscape of the territory, etc. based on or related to one specific "theme" fall under the category of theme parks. Theme parks create an ideal world for their visitors, allowing them to forget about the daily grind. The parks are kept meticulously clean and new attractions are added all the time to keep people coming back.
A theme park is either based on one central theme or is divided into several themed areas, lands or large entertainment centers such as Walt Disney World in Florida (USA) have several different theme parks within their boundaries.
Blackgang Chine, founded in 1843 by entrepreneur Alexander Dubell on the Isle of Wight in the UK, is considered the oldest theme park still in existence in the world.
Knott Berry Farm has evolved from a traditional amusement park into a theme park. In the 1920s, Walter Knott and his family sold berries from a stand along the road. The successful business made it possible to build a cafe on the site of the kiosk. For years, people have been queuing for lunch, sometimes for hours. To somehow entertain people in line, Walter Knott built a ghost town in 1940, moving buildings from abandoned cities in California and Arizona. In 1968, Knott fenced off the farm grounds and began charging admission for the first time. Knott Berry Farm is considered America's first theme park.
Disneyland opened at a time when the amusement park industry was going through a difficult period. Many of the older, traditional amusement parks went out of business, and others were close to closing. Some traditional parks have used Disneyland's experience and managed to avoid bankruptcy.
In 1971, the Walt Disney World Resort opened in Orlando, which is still the largest theme park in the world, including the Magic Kingdom (1971), Epcot (1982), and Disney's Hollywood Studios (1989). ) and Disney's Animal World (1998). Central Florida, and especially Orlando, has the largest number of theme parks of any place in the world.
Many theme parks experienced enormous difficulties due to the Arab oil embargo in 1973. A number of projects to build new theme parks have been postponed due to the oil market crisis.
Tours still provide an opportunity to explore the Studio's set, but the stunt demonstrations and other high-tech attractions are not as popular as the traditional Studio Tour that once served as the main draw to visiting Universal Studios Hollywood.
Modern amusement parks are struggling to meet the needs of their aging patrons. Kennywood created an area called Lost Kennywood in 1995, featuring classic attractions popular during the early 20th century. In 2001, Disney opened a new theme park, Disney California Adventure, with the Paradise Pier theme area, which is a recreation of the traditional theme park of yesteryear. Over the past few years, a new type of theme park has emerged that replaces roller coasters with shows, such as Médinat Alzahra in Tunisia or Puy du Fou in France (the latter the second most visited park after Disneyland in Paris). An aging population in the United States and a prolonged economic recession are forcing Disney and its other competitors to seek their fortunes in emerging tourism markets such as the Middle East and China. The Walt Disney Company accounts for about half of the profits of the entire amusement park industry in the United States.
1.2.3. Signs and classification of amusement parks
Amusement park (amusement park, theme park) is a collective term that describes a number of attractions and other types of entertainment in one area. An amusement park differs from ordinary parks in that it is designed specifically for the entertainment of people, mainly adults, teenagers and children.
An amusement park can be either indoor (that is, located indoors) or open (that is, a natural area).
The amusement park market can be segmented on several grounds:
Size of parks; - specifics of park activities (targeting different audiences, availability of park themes, method of facility placement, etc.)
If we talk about the classification of amusement parks, then everything depends on what criterion will be taken as a basis. So, for example, if we take the area of the territory and the number of attractions as the basis for the classification, we can distinguish 5 groups of parks that exist today in Russia:
1. Attractions - “single” (trampolines and similar “near-beach” entertainment). This type of parks is the largest segment of the market and is especially common in resort towns in southern Russia;
2. Mobile amusement park. Its advantages include mobility and no costs for landscaping. The disadvantage is the dependence on the city administration, from which he receives permission for his activities, as well as the costs of transporting equipment from city to city;
3. A park for a small town. These parks are designed to fill the entertainment vacuum in a small town. To create it, 1 hectare of land and 5–8 attractions are enough. The disadvantage of such a park is that its further development is limited by the size of the city and the population;
4. Classic stationary park. Such parks are typical for cities with a population of 200–500 thousand people. To set up a park, 2–4 hectares of land and 15–25 attractions are enough, but costs are required to create the park infrastructure (utility networks, landscaping, construction of a cafe, etc.);
5. Large park. Currently, this is the smallest category of parks in Russia. To create it, you need an area of 10 hectares or more with a modern amusement area, an artificial lake, a forest park, etc. The need to develop large spaces makes such projects too expensive, so there are very few such parks in Russia and their construction is a matter of the future.
1.3. Analysis of the development of parks in Russia at the present stage
The Government of the Russian Federation focuses on the need to form and develop a culture of communication among the younger generation.
In the Federal Target Program “Culture of Russia (2012-2018)”
The Concept for the Development of Education in the Field of Culture and Art in the Russian Federation for 2008-2015 (Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 09/08/2010 No. 702) emphasizes that the education system is designed to ensure the historical continuity of generations, the preservation, dissemination and development of national culture, instilling a caring attitude towards historical and cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia, etc.
Etc. will play an important role in this. trends of the new park culture. It will be means creating a new multifunctional space where you can gain strength, take a break from everyday worries, and simply spend time with family and friends. So, for example, a garden and park area performs several functions - it is a promenade area, a cultural and recreation park, on the one hand; and on the other hand, it has a purely practical function, being a parking lot.
The founder of the Marshall Capital Investment Fund (Marshall Capital Partners) K. Malofeev, the French company Puy du Fou International SAS and the government of the Republic of Crimea signed a protocol on the implementation of the creation of the largest theme park in Crimea, which will be dedicated to the history of Russia and the Black Sea region. This is reported in the materials following the signing of the protocol.
K. Malofeev and Puy du Fou International created a joint project PuyduFou-Tsargrad for the development of thematic historical amusement parks in Russia. As part of this joint project, about 18 billion rubles will be invested on an area of about 300 hectares.
Now a similar park will be built in Crimea. It is expected that the design and construction of the theme park will last until 2019 inclusive. The total volume of private investment in the 60-hectare park will be at least 4 billion rubles. Budget funding is not provided, but the Republic of Crimea will provide assistance in choosing a site for the park, developing the project and connecting it to utilities.
The park plans to “create an atmosphere of different historical periods.” Visitors will learn about the origins of the culture of Russia and Crimea, will witness significant events, and will be able to take part in show performances that recreate historical facts and ancient legends. All buildings, landscapes, historical episodes will be reproduced from archival documents, including chronicles.
And in the Domodedovo district of Moscow, the world’s leading themed entertainment and educational park “Russia” is being created. It is planned that the project will take about 12 years to complete. A detailed study is currently underway, and the final version of the project will most likely be presented by the end of 2014. However, it is already known that the park will be divided into three thematic zones, and a resort tourist area for long-term recreation will be created. One of the interesting concepts of the project will be the Legends of Russia park. Its concept is the same as that of the world famous Puy du Fou theme park in France. Here, the most important episodes of Russian history will be reenacted for viewers, such as the Battle of the Ice, the Battle of Kulikovo and other important events in the history of the country.
Several theme park projects of similar scale are already being implemented in Russia. Thus, in the Southern Administrative District of Moscow, on the territory of the industrial zone in the Nagatinskaya floodplain, it is planned to create a specialized children's entertainment park “Disneyland” with an area of 250 thousand square meters. m. As the editors of RBC-Real Estate previously reported, the American DreamWorks Animation and the Russian commercial real estate developer Regions Group are planning to further build Disneyland in Russian cities. The Russian developer, under an exclusive agreement with an American studio, will build three entertainment complexes in Moscow, St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg.
Dreamworks Theme Parks, dedicated to Shrek and the heroes of “Madagascar” will appear in the Moscow region, St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg. The first entertainment center - DreamWorks - will open in St. Petersburg in 2015. The Russian company GC Regions will build the parks. The project involves the construction of the first DreamWorks indoor theme parks in Russia and the largest in Europe. In total, the construction of three such parks is currently planned - in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg and Moscow.
Each park will be part of a single complex, which will also include a shopping and entertainment center, a multifunctional cinema and concert hall, a multiplex with an IMAX hall, a hotel, a garden and park area with a sculpture theme park, ponds, and fountains. There will also be a single parking lot on the territory of the complex.
The DreamWorks indoor theme park will have its own unique features that make it unlike any other theme park. The theme of DreamWorks cartoons will be used both in the external design of the park and in the internal one.
Inside, the park will be divided into several themed areas, each themed around DreamWorks favorites such as Shrek, Madagascar, How to Train Your Dragon and Kung Fu Panda.
Each of these zones will recreate the atmosphere of cartoons - through immersion in the space of the characters, unique attractions, themed cafes and impressive show programs. This way, guests will be able to feel like they are in the world of their favorite cartoons.
All objects of the multifunctional complex will be united by a garden and park walking area, which will form the natural environment of the buildings. On the territory of this space there will be a theme park of sculptures, ponds, fountains, as well as special children's areas.
Innovation will also be inherent in the attractions, which will meet all safety and operating standards.
The average Russian's entertainment expenses account for about 10% of total income. The entertainment market is one of the fastest growing markets in the world. Its total volume is estimated at $24 billion as of 2012. The market is ready for a new family entertainment concept - theme parks.
This is confirmed by the success of the amusement park at the All-Russian Exhibition Center, “Divo Ostrov” on Krestovsky Island in St. Petersburg.
For reference: about 4/5 of Moscow residents participate in cultural life with varying degrees of intensity. Of all the cultural institutions, parks, cinemas and theaters are the most popular among Muscovites - they are visited by more than half of the city's residents.
As you can see, the level of activity in terms of entertainment and recreation among Russians is quite high. Accordingly, you can be sure that the market is ready for new projects that have proven themselves well in different parts of the world.
If we talk about the purchasing power of Russians, our parks are built in cities with a high standard of living, comparable to world capitals, where similar projects are successfully developing.
1. 3.1. Analysis of the infrastructure of the Kurgan Central Park of Culture and Culture
The central park of culture and recreation in Kurgan was founded in 1969. It is located on an island formed by the Tobol oxbow Bitevka. The Kurgan Children's Railway passes through the park; a climbing wall and a stadium for beach sports were built (the only one in the Ural Federal District), and there were also a huge number of monuments and sculptural compositions in the park.
Every year, starting from August 18, 1979, the Central Park of Culture and Culture is one of the main venues for the city holiday “City Day”.
Currently, the creation of conditions for organizing meaningful leisure for all categories of citizens on the territory of the Central Park of Culture and Leisure is carried out by the municipal unitary enterprise "Central Park of Culture and Leisure".
Park facilities: stadium for beach sports; fountain; fountain "Mermaid"; sculpture “Mermaids”; sculpture "Neptune"; decorative composition “Ancient Russian warriors”; Obelisk of Victory; a memorial plaque in honor of the meeting of paratroopers; a memorial plaque about the Trans-Ural paratroopers who did not return from the Second World War; memorial plaque in honor of the opening of the “HAPPY” Alley; Alley "HAPPY"; bridge of lovers; water; scene; police post, Kurgan Children's Railway.
Types of activities of the children's railway:
Vocational guidance of children for study and work in educational institutions and railway transport enterprises.
Creating optimal conditions for the development of children's abilities for cognition and creativity.
Implementation of educational programs in the interests of the development of the child’s personality.
Children's railway stations:
Pionerskaya - located in the northeastern part of the Central Park of Culture and Culture. The station has a station and two high boarding platforms.
Zvezdochka - located in the south-eastern part of the Shevelevka microdistrict. It has a high landing platform and an apron with a polycarbonate canopy.
The park has 31 attractions, including: a Ferris wheel; carousel; flying ship; Vanka-stanka; safari; Little train engine and others.
The park offers the following services: provision of a court as a football field; providing the court as an ice rink; rental of sports equipment; climbing wall; equestrian sports complex; cafe.
Conclusion on the first chapter
Chapter 1 of this work outlines the main features of the development of theme parks in the world. It is noted that the main feature of the development of theme parks in the world is the creation of networks of parks on a global scale.
Theme parks are a relatively young and dynamically developing sector of the economy, which, with competent and far-sighted planning, can generate considerable income.
The rapid growth of tourism in the world is causing an active expansion of the supply of tourism services in all countries. Rising living standards and competition in tourism offer give rise to increasingly diverse services.
Amusement parks occupy an important place in the dynamically developing leisure and entertainment industry.
Despite the increasing competition from other entertainment facilities, parks occupy a strong position, since their main advantages are active outdoor recreation, the opportunity to communicate with nature without leaving the city, and the organization of mass recreation for people of all ages.
Large capacity of the parks, financial accessibility and, of course, the opportunity to have fun on attractions that can only be found in such quantities in the park.
Various types of parks have been developed in Russia. Currently, there are 102 state nature reserves, 42 national parks and 70 state nature reserves of federal significance on its territory, occupying a total of 2.7% of the entire territory of the country.
In accordance with the Concept, by 2020 it is planned to create 11 nature reserves, 20 national parks and 3 federal reserves in Russia. Among them is the Kurgan National Park, the creation of which is planned for 2015. Presumably, the national park will consist of several areas (clusters) with a total area of about 50 thousand hectares, covering the most valuable and unique landscapes, popular recreation areas in the Kurtamysh and Zverinogolovsky districts of our region. The creation of the park will contribute to the conservation of natural complexes, rare and endangered flora and fauna, the development of eco-tourism and environmental education.
Theme park– an amusement park or other object-oriented park, the activities of which are subordinated to a single theme.Such parks are based on a specific theme, which includes not only attractions, but also animation, show programs, cafes and restaurants, hotels, and souvenir shops.
Today, theme parks include almost any large amusement park, as well as zoos and aquariums. But this is not entirely correct, because... The theme park has a number of features that set it apart from all other parks.
Theming and design
The main feature of a theme park is the presence of a theme, something that unites the entire structure of the park, making it a single space. The theme of the park is not just a name that unites disparate elements; the theme should be seen in everything, from the attractions to the colors of the trash cans.
Design plays an important role in thematization. For example, in the company Disney there is a special department - Walt Disney Imagineers , which is responsible for the development and design of all parks.
This department brings together the best designers, constructors, architects, screenwriters and other specialists in various fields who work on the creation of attractions, cruise ships, shops Disney , hotel complexes and other projects of the company.
Theming of a park helps create a unique experience when visiting a particular park. People are ready to travel from the other side of the world to the park Universal Studios in Orlando, just to try Harry Potter's magical butterbeer.
Theme city
Modern theme parks are not just a small area with a modest set of attractions, they are mostly huge spaces that resemble full-fledged cities, which, in addition to attractions, have their own transport, hotels, cafes and restaurants, shops, sports grounds, cinemas, nightclubs and even salons beauty. It is these themed resorts, as they are often called, that attract a large number of visitors not only from nearby areas, but also from quite distant places. Here you can spend a full-fledged vacation with the whole family or in the company of friends. Some parks have infrastructure for holding business events: exhibitions, conferences.
For example, a thematic complex Walt Disney World includes: 4 theme parks; 2 theme water parks; entertainment center Downtown Disney , with shops, cafes, restaurants, bars, show programs, night clubs; sports complex Disney's Wide World of Sports Complex ; more than 20 hotel complexes of various classes; a chapel for wedding ceremonies; a full-fledged transport system, including a monorail railway, buses, ferries, and water taxi.
High tech
The use of the latest technical innovations and developments is a necessary condition for the development of a theme park. There is a constant process of improvement and modernization of existing attractions, as well as the creation of new high-tech attractions. Almost every year, in various countries, new records are set for height, speed, and other parameters of attraction equipment. For example, in April 2014, the tallest Ferris wheel in the world, the High Roller, was installed in Las Vegas, USA, its height is 167 m.
Animation
Much attention is paid to animation in theme parks.those. revitalizing recreation and organizing direct impressions from personal participation in events. Animation is used to increase the impact of images created using architectural and landscape solutions. In parks, animation helps enhance the theming effect.
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| Disney characters at Shanghai Dsineyland Park |
Plan
Introduction
1. Theme parks of the world
2. The role of theme parks in the development of international tourism
3. WTO forecasts on the role of theme parks in the 21st century
Conclusion
Bibliography
Introduction
As a rule, any tourist trip involves entertainment. People hit the road for new unforgettable experiences, thrills and positive emotions.
Recreation, combined with entertainment, prevails among other travel purposes and forms the most massive tourist flows in the world. They originate in the countries of Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region and at the same time gravitate towards these same regions.
Resort areas are increasingly becoming entertainment centers, attracting thousands of people for recreation and treatment. The resort cities of Miami, Monte Carlo, and San Diego have become world-famous centers of entertainment tourism.
A special place in the global entertainment industry is occupied by theme parks. Recently, they have become serious competitors to traditional destinations with a large number of historical and cultural attractions.
The idea of theme parks originated in Europe and was realized in the form of pleasure parks that existed in many European capitals at the end of the 19th century. The modern theme park model also first appeared in Europe, although Walt Disney is generally credited as its creator. They really flourished in the USA, and then spread throughout the world.
1. Theme parks of the world
Theme parks were invented by the wise storyteller Walt Disney. It was a brilliant invention! This is a whole world parallel to the ordinary one, this is an invented reality, the fourth dimension... There adults turn into children, and children experience their sharpest delight and greatest happiness. After dizzying falls and toy horrors of this looking glass, real reality appears in a different light, stress is forgotten, and the tension of everyday life disappears, giving way to a bright holiday.
Currently, theme parks have been created in many European countries, but they really flourished in the USA, from where they began to spread throughout the world.
The most famous and visited theme parks in the world are located in the following countries.
There are currently over 600 theme parks in the US alone. Florida became the capital of Dreamland. This state is home to the best theme parks not only in America, but throughout the world.
1. Disneyland is the oldest theme park in the United States (created in the mid-1950s) located in California, 40 km from Los Angeles. This is the first "real" amusement park. The park became the setting for the heroes of their favorite fairy tales. In addition to entertainment, recreation in the park is informational and educational. There are permanent exhibitions here telling about the history of America and the cultures of different nations. Visitors to the park are invited to take part in the “Space Journey” attraction.
2. Walt Disney World - USA, Florida, suburb of Orlando. This is the largest entertainment complex in the world. It includes 4 theme parks dedicated to Disney characters, achievements in the field of science and technology, wildlife of various regions of the world and an amusement park. There are also water parks, shops, restaurants, and hotels.
3. Sea World - USA, California, San Diego. Visitors can get acquainted with the life of the underwater world, see a colorful show with the participation of dolphins, killer whales, seals, and, with the help of the latest laser technologies and holographic special effects, take a “journey” to Antarctica.
4. “Universal Studios” - USA, California (Los Angeles) and Florida (Orlando). These are movie parks. At California's Universal Studios, Jurassic Park is set up in a very natural way. People travel along it by boat, accompanied by a guide who talks about prehistoric animals and encounters dinosaurs along the way. And in Orlando you can become a participant in the filming of a film with an exciting plot. The same park was created in Osaka (Japan).
France
About 2 dozen large theme parks have been built in Europe, not counting numerous water parks. Theme parks in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands are very popular among tourists.
1. EuroDisneyland - France, located 30 km from Paris, the largest theme park in Europe. This park is modeled after California's Disneyland and combines 5 thematic zones.
2. “Futuroscope” is a French theme park located 400 km from Paris in the city of Poitiers. The park consists of a huge number of glass pavilions, made in the modernist style of “cities of the future.” Here you can visit cinema halls made in the form of a crystal, pipe, ball, cube. The screen is located everywhere, even under your feet. This is one of the most technically advanced parks, where XX attractions are collected! century. With the help of lasers, a special atmosphere of “virtual reality” is created here.
3. “Asterix” is a French park where guests find themselves in the times of Ancient Rome and Ancient Greece.
Finland
1. “Moominworld” (Moominworld) - Finland, located 20 km from the city of Turku.
2. “Santa Park” is the largest Finnish entertainment center, located 5 km from the city of Rovaniemi. This is Lapland - the birthplace of Santa Claus. The city is located above the Arctic Circle, has its own airport, a chain of hotels, and well-maintained ski slopes.
Spain
1. Port Aventura (Port of Adventure) is the largest amusement park in Spain, the second largest in Europe, located in the Mediterranean resort area near the city of Salou. Guests of the park travel in space and time, having the opportunity to visit “Polynesia”, “Imperial China”, “Mayan cities” or the “Wild West of America”.
2. “Land of Myths” (Terra Mitika) - the park is located in Spain, near the city of Benidorm. The park depicts the great ancient civilizations: Egypt, Greece, Rome.
Germany
1. Europa-Park is the largest theme park in Germany (25 km from the city of Freiburg). On its territory of 60 hectares, the geographical features of various European countries, including Russia, are recreated.
2. Fataziland - the highlight of the program here is the space show - Galaxy! An incredible journey through the Milky Way - stunning multimedia effects and dynamic space flight simulation. Seventeen attractions that you can use as much as you like, paying once for the entrance ticket. As well as the culinary tour "Berlin-Mexico City-Paris-Beijing", the variety show "Winter Garden", the fantastic shows "Fire, Water and Light", "Star Parade" in the Tanagra and Scala theaters.
3. Movieworld is one of the best movie parks in the world. German Hollywood! A unique place where the most famous characters from the famous Dream Factory gathered. It is both an amusement park and a working film studio, where legendary film hits come to life in rides and shows. For the first time in Germany - a wooden roller coaster. "Wild Wild West" is a 1099 meter descent at a speed of 80 km/h from a height of 24.9 meters. Beautiful scenery, funny jokes and cinematic bustle.
Denmark
1. Legoland is a Danish park located in the city of Belund (Denmark). It was here that the first Lego set was created in 1934. The park features models of the largest European cities assembled from construction sets, African landscapes, ancient Indian settlements, and a medieval castle. Another Legoland is located in San Diego (USA).
Japan
1. Disneyland in Japan, located near Tokyo, is similar to Disneyland in California and Paris.
Australia
1. Theme parks “World of Cinema”, “World of Dreams”, “World of the Sea”. Located on the east coast of Australia, in the international resort of the Gold Coast.
2. The role of theme parks in the development of international tourism
The popularity of theme parks as vacation destinations will increase every year. The European entertainment market is quite developed. The history of amusement parks dates back to medieval Europe, where Pleasure Gardens opened in the spring on the outskirts of major cities. The European market is divided into two types of parks, those that have developed over many years and those that have been specifically conceived and built as theme parks. Entertainment has now become a global industry with huge, rapidly growing revenues. Theme parks occupy a special place in this industry. The idea of theme parks originated in Europe at the end of the 19th century. At the World Exhibition in Brussels, an attractions corner (from the French Attraction - “attraction”) appeared for the first time - carousels, a Ferris wheel. A little later, the world's first attraction on a literary basis, “From a Gun to the Moon,” appeared in Paris. Visitors one by one climbed into the cramped “spacecraft”, they were enveloped in smoke, and then a lunar landscape appeared behind the porthole. Together with the carousels located next door, it became known as Luna Park. The modern embodiment of the idea of a theme park is a park created in the Netherlands in 1952 based on European fairy tales. Entertainment centers organized in the form of a theme park are developing in the USA, France, Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, China, and Australia. Theme parks are growing in popularity. Over the course of a year, US parks are visited by over 90 million people, and revenues reach almost $3 billion. European theme parks welcome about 60 million guests a year (revenues are $1.8 billion). During the year, Disneyland Europe receives twice as many visitors as the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower. If earlier tourism products were mainly non-specialized, with the same characteristics, intended for mass tourism, now and in the future the tourism product should not only be diversified, but also correspond to the development trend of tourism demand, which is aimed at short-term multiple stays of travelers throughout the year. To this end, many countries are creating new concepts to attract tourists. Here, the use of theme parks as a tourist product of domestic and international tourism plays a significant role. For example, each of the Disneyland parks existing in the world (in the states of California and Florida in the USA, in Japan and France) receives 1 million in a short period of time. guests per year. This number of guests represents 10% of the total US international tourist flow. The nature of the theme park business is directly related to the income and leisure time of the average person. Hence, we see that most of the theme parks grow very quickly during the economic boom with the increase in income and needs of the population. Among the main secrets of the success of theme parks, special mention should be made of the use of high technology: computer systems for controlling light, sound and animation effects, thanks to which visitors experience thrills and receive especially vivid impressions.
Thanks to the systematic updating of attractions and entertainment programs, theme parks form a permanent clientele and maintain large tourist flows.
3. WTO forecasts on the role of theme parks in XXI century
According to the WTO forecast, a tourism boom is expected in the 21st century: the number of travelers in the world will approach 1.6 billion by 2020. With the development of tourism, experts believe, a “new” tourist will appear. This means that the traditional type of family tourism with a vacation every year somewhere at sea or in the mountains will gradually give way to new types.
The forecast for the development of tourist destinations made by the WTO and presented in the study “Tourism: 2020 Vision” identifies the most promising directions and types of tourism of the 21st century. The most popular types of tourism by 2020 will be: adventure, environmental, cultural and educational, thematic (including visits to theme parks), as well as cruises.
The WTO predicts that the amount of time people spend on leisure will decline, especially in major tourist supply markets. According to research, travelers of the 21st century. will be “rich in money, but poor in time.” As a result, they will look for a tourism product that includes maximum pleasure in a minimum period of time. Theme parks and cruise travel will flourish as people can visit multiple destinations in a short period of time.
The WTO predicts that tourism proportions will remain stable until 2010: one quarter will be interregional tourism and three quarters intraregional. The greatest increase in the number of tourists among tourist-generating countries will be in Japan with an annual rate of 7% until 2010, and the least in the United States.
After a short break in the 21st century, international tourism will continue to develop, despite the risk of economic downturn, as tourist demand has its own determinants. Tourism in the new millennium will become an important factor in the development of humanity in general and the world economy in particular.
Conclusion
Thus, in this work, I gave examples of the most visited theme parks in the world, their role in the development of international tourism, as well as WTO forecasts related to theme parks in one way or another. Based on this, we can conclude that the role of theme parks in the development of international tourism is increasing every year.
Entertainment has now become a global industry with huge, rapidly growing revenues. Theme parks occupy a special place in this industry. If earlier tourism products were mainly non-specialized, now and in the future the tourism product must correspond to the development trend of tourism demand. To this end, many countries are creating new concepts to attract tourists. Here, the use of theme parks as a tourist product of domestic and international tourism plays a significant role.
The data that European Disneyland receives twice as many visitors per year as the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower speaks for itself, which means that the role of theme parks in the development of international tourism is obvious.
Bibliography
1. Davidson R. Travel never ends. - M.: Mysl, 2001.
2. Countries of the World. Directory guide, Publisher: Rostov-on-Don “Phoenix”, 2003.
3. Senin V. S. Organization of international tourism: Textbook. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: Finance and Statistics, 2003.
4. Rudenko L.L. International tourism: legal acts. - M.: Finance and Statistics, 2002.
5. Internet magazine Tourist Business http://www.tourbus.ru/home_m.htm
10.2. Theme parks
Theme parks occupy a special place in the global entertainment industry. The idea of theme parks originated in Europe and was realized in the form of pleasure parks, which existed in many European capitals at the end of the 19th century: Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen, Prater Park in Vienna, etc. The modern model of theme parks also first appeared in Europe, although usually its Walt Disney is considered the creator. According to sophisticated data, in 1952, three years before the opening of Disneyland, the De Efteling corporation built a park based on European fairy tales in the south-west of the Netherlands. However, on the old continent, theme parks developed slowly and on a modest scale. They experienced a real heyday in the United States in the mid-50s, when traditional leisure parks were in decline. Over time, a fundamentally different concept of leisure time organization is taking shape, brought to life in theme parks. The park is based on a fascinating theme. It develops in attractions and performances, and all auxiliary park services are subordinate to it.
According to the builders' plan, the theme park is a center for family recreation and entertainment, which largely determines the choice of the theme itself. In order to unite people of different ages and, first of all, attract the adult population, it should be not only entertaining, but also informational and educational.
Parks can be created around a wide variety of themes: history, culture, geography, sports, etc. Some of them are devoted entirely to one theme, others touch on different topics, for example, King's Island Park in Ohio (it is divided into six thematic areas: River City, Wildlife, International Street). Another example is California's Great America Park, a family fun center that houses Hometown Square, Yukon Territory, Yankee Harbor, the Country Fair and New Orleans on 100 acres.
Permanent exhibitions at Disneyland tell about the history of America and the cultures of different peoples. You can get acquainted with the underwater world, its inhabitants and watch a colorful show with the participation of sea animals at the Sea World park in San Diego. He also has valuable scientific data on the behavior and intelligence of dolphins, killer whales, and seals, obtained during their training.
From general information offered to visitors during park excursions, these entertainment industry institutions have moved on to organizing a full-fledged educational process. Theme parks devote large amounts of money to education. They create specialized schools, open training programs, invite teachers to conduct classes, and publish educational books. The range of educational programs is quite wide. Some of them are designed for young children, others for older children and adults. The topics of the programs are very diverse. For example, the Disney World theme park offers from courses in topiary to a series of seminars on the theory and practice of management.
In addition to the original concept, theme parks have a number of other advantages over traditional amusement parks. Theme parks are located outside the city limits. It is estimated that they must be within a two-hour radius to operate profitably.
Thus, the oldest theme park in the United States, Disney Land, was built 60 km southeast of Los Angeles. The largest theme park in Europe, Euro Disneyland, is located 30 km from Paris. “The Land of Mummy Trolls” in Finland is located 20 km from the city of Turku.
Most theme parks were built among potholed green fields. Land here is cheaper than in the city, so many theme parks occupy large areas. Thus, 12 thousand hectares are allocated for Disney World, and a railway with five stations is laid around the European Disneyland. In addition, outside the city, park creators receive broad freedom to implement their plans. They are not constrained by various kinds of restrictions, in particular, they do not have to take into account the existing architectural style, etc. They don’t have to demolish anything to build attractions, which often amaze with their size and colorful design.
Among the main secrets of the success of theme parks, special mention should be made of the use of high technology. Disneyland and Disney World are pioneers in the technical equipment of attractions. They were the first to switch to computer control systems for light, sound and animation effects, thanks to which visitors experience thrills and receive especially vivid impressions. Today, Disneyland offers park visitors a space journey. Another American theme park, Universal Studios Hollywood, is the only place on earth where you can become the acting hero of some exciting action movie or thriller. For example, take part in fantastic 3D adventures in The Terminator, visit the world of Hitchcock's horror, or defeat the giant shark from the movie Jaws. In the Boogie Gardens park (near Orlando) there are roller coasters of the latest modifications (with a 360° turn), which are of the highest level of complexity. The American theme park Sea World has opened the Journey to Antarctica attraction, combining the latest laser technology and holographic special effects with a roller coaster ride.
To ensure that interest in the theme park does not disappear over the years, it is necessary to periodically update the attractions. Their service life is usually 3-4 years. At Disneyland, the Magic Eye Theater regularly updates its repertoire. The latest super show makes extensive use of stereo cinema in combination with theatrical special effects, such as a movable floor that moves in accordance with the plot of the film. The high competitiveness of theme parks is achieved as a result of a competent pricing policy. Unlike previous leisure facilities, they have introduced single entrance tickets, the price of which includes a package of services - visiting the park, meals, etc.
Disneyland went even further by offering a new type of ticket - "Flex Passport" ("flexible passport"), providing greater opportunities for park visitors. Its holders can visit Disneyland for 5 days in a row, and enter the park 1.5 hours earlier than the official opening time. Plus, the Flex Passport allows you to visit Southern California beaches and pools at no additional cost.
Theme parks have revised not only the payment system for services, but also its size. Correctly set price is the key to success. It should not be underestimated or, conversely, overestimated.
Thus, the Parisian Euro Disneyland, opened in 1993, suffered annual losses and was forced to change its financial policy (reducing prices for entrance tickets and accommodation in the park’s hotels). As a result, the number of visitors increased by 21% and reached a record level. The parks' income comes from the sale of tickets (170% of revenues), food, and the sale of souvenirs and toys. The parks sell a huge number of souvenirs with the symbols of the park.
Theme parks could stay in the market and succeed thanks to a competent marketing policy, the main features of which are:
Combination of diversity and simplicity in offering services;
- stability and high quality of service;
- creation of a qualified management team;
- ensuring cleanliness and order.
There are currently over 600 theme parks in the US alone. Florida became the capital of Dreamland. This state is home to the best theme parks not only in America, but throughout the world: Disney World and Universal Studios. They have repeatedly received prestigious awards in the global tourism business.
There are about 20 large theme parks built in Europe, not counting numerous water parks. The most famous of them receive from 2 to 10 million visitors a year. Some of the most popular French parks include Euro Disneyland, Futuroscope for movie lovers, Wamble France and Asterix. Spain is proud of its Port Aventura theme park, which, after eight years of planning, opened in time for the 1995 summer tourist season. The park became the second largest in Europe after Euro Disneyland. The park covers an area of 115 hectares and has 30 attractions, 30 restaurants and cafe bars, 22 shops and a spacious parking area for 6 thousand cars and 260 buses. Guests of the park move through five thematic zones: “Mediterranean”, “Polynesia”, “China”, “Mexico”, “Wild West”. Theme parks in Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands are very popular. In the UK there is Sega World, Legoland Windsor.
Theme parks have also rapidly exploded into the region of East, Southeast Asia and Oceania. They have also become an integral part of the tourism industry here. The most famous “Dreamland” in Asia is located in Japan, near Tokyo.
In Russia there are a large number of amusement parks and water parks. However, the theme park industry is still in its infancy.
