If you plan to go on a hike, you need to plan it, because they don’t go on impromptu hikes, except perhaps on a pvd (weekend hike), and at the same time you have a rough idea of where you will go and how your route will go.
How to develop a route for a tourist trip, whether it be walking, water or cycling, the routes are compiled according to one algorithm
Algorithm for compiling a tourist itinerary
- You need to select a travel area
- Choice of difficulty category (we will omit this item and leave it to professionals)
- Development of a “thread” of the route, places to visit (i.e. a segment of the way how and where we will go)
- Plan an approximate travel time (done in order to plan the number of products, equipment, etc.)
- Development of fallback options and emergency exits from the route
- Preparation of drop-in and drop-off from the travel area (if planned)
- Preparation of estimates, layouts of products, equipment, first aid kitsAnd
Let's talk about routes first.
routes are of several types:
- Linear (i.e. we go from point A to point B)
- Ring route (from where we came there and return, only in a different way)
- Combined route (contains both linear and circular routes)
Choose a travel area
The choice of the travel area is probably the most important thing when drawing up a route. The place should be something remarkable:
- Beautiful nature
- visiting remarkable places along the way (museums, churches, mountains, passes, etc.)
- It is desirable to have water along the way
Choose the category of difficulty of the trip
The category of difficulty is an integral part for a sports tourist who has registered with the ICC ( Route Qualification Commission) and wants to get a title or a badge))). I think it will be superfluous for you at the moment, so we omit this item
Development of a "thread" of the route, places to visit
Tourists call a thread a route route. That is, the entire distance from the beginning to the end of the path is a “thread”. You can develop a route thread using a map, or you can use a computer using the sasplanet or google earth programs. In these programs, you can view the route map and build a path track (thread).
Probably now there are few who make up a route track (thread) using a paper map, but there are such people, old school tourists and professionals in their field prefer to work with a paper map, even when planning a travel route
I use the above programs to develop a route, compose path tracks in the same place, save them and upload them to the navigator. Since the program can be used to view a map (both regular and satellite), this greatly simplifies route planning. You can immediately put waypoints on the map ,measure the distance of the path, plan the points of departure. In short, I recommend !!!.
Also, when planning a route, you need to plan interesting places to visit (if required).
Break it down by day
(Plan an estimated travel time)
An important point in route planning is the planned travel time. Time should always be planned with a slight “excess”.
The route is divided in such a way that each day begins and ends in a suitable place for an overnight stay. The length of a day's march largely depends on the nature of the terrain. Up to 12 kilometers can be walked through the forest per day. I would advise not to lay too much distance per day. I lay up to 10 kilometers of cross-country, the hike should still be fun ...
Important! Do not lay a long distance on the first day. By the end of the hike, the distance traveled can be increased (backpacks have become lighter, there is less food, it is easier to walk)
Naturally, it is not possible to accurately plan the time (the weather deteriorated, the transport was late, etc.). But approximate planning is necessary. To do this, you need to lay extra days during the route.
As a result: Camping time + day + spare day
6 days hike + day + spare day = 8 days
Hiking from point A to point B, 60 kilometers long, on a dirt road. Every day, on average, you planned to walk 10 kilometers. That is, your hike will last 6 days (of course, you can plan a longer distance for the transition per day). We add a day to six days (a day of rest, for example, for washing, for a bath, visiting attractions, in case of bad weather) and one spare day.
Mark places for days, bivouacs
Identify places of interest to visit. Designate convenient places for parking (days, overnights)
Choice of overnight stay:
Choice of overnight stay:
For overnight stays, forest zones are desirable (if you don’t carry gas or primus with you), it’s better not to choose open areas, because a strong wind is possible. Bivouacs should be set up near water bodies or water sources, it is desirable to have firewood, beautiful landscapes (it is very difficult to meet all the conditions), without deviating from the route, but if possible, the above conditions are highly desirable.
From the tourist dictionary:
Daytime:One day rest stop during the hike
jail time – forced stop on the route for one day or more
spare day- an element of the time resource that is laid down for the trip
Outline emergency and fallback options
What is a fallback?
You planned to pass the pass in one way, but on the way you suddenly encountered an obstacle (bad weather, avalanche), you need a backup option for passing the path.
That is, the obstacle is more difficult to pass than you planned, and in this case you need a fallback. The presence of a fallback must be worked out for each obstacle.
For example: It is planned to go through a forest clearing. And if the clearing is overgrown? Which way to go in this case. If the pass is not passed (avalanche). What will be the siding?
The way to overcome the obstacle should be as short as possible, as easy to pass.
An emergency exit is necessary in an emergency when you need to get out to people as quickly as possible. Options for an emergency exit from the route are being worked out to each settlement located near the route.
It is desirable that the more emergency exit points you plan, the better.
Points must meet the following criteria:
- The point should preferably be near the settlement or be it (city, village with a doctor, etc.), in extreme cases, just if it is a convenient place where a car (helicopter) can arrive to pick up the victim. Or a place from which you can quickly reach people.
As mentioned earlier, the more emergency exits from the route, the more you will protect yourself in the event of a force majeure situation.
Accordingly, the longer the route thread, the greater the vanishing point.
Preparation of drop-in and drop-off from the travel area
Zabroska- this is a preliminary delivery of products, equipment to the most accessible segment of the route or to its beginning.
The transfer is carried out by transport, by helicopter (if the terrain is difficult and there are no other ways of approach). Abandonment is quite an expensive pleasure.
Preparation of estimates, layouts of products, equipment, first aid kits
The last thing in the development of the route is the preparation of an estimate, layout of products, equipment and a first-aid kit for a tourist. You can read about the first-aid kit of a tourist
How to develop a hiking itinerary
Tourist route development
The quality of a tourist trip depends on many factors, and one of the most important is the consistency of the route. This geographical factor affects the popularity, usefulness, efficiency and safety of tourist travel. The practice of tourism shows that there are logical and illogical routes, and there are much more of the latter. Composing logical routes requires not only maximum regional information, but also the experience, talent and inspiration of the developer. Let us consider the elements of route logic using the example of reference (classified) trips in sports tourism, taking into account the fact that neither the logic of the route, nor the reference routes themselves have received proper analysis in the scientific literature.
The concept of "reference tourist route" appeared within the limits of sports tourism in the Soviet Union in the 60-70s. 20th century and contributed to the development of domestic tourism. The development and approval of reference routes, combined with a strict system for assessing the categorization of travel, have become the basis for the self-organization of sports tourism and a factor in its high level of safety.
Being mostly amateur, sports tourism in the USSR was popular and massive, which was a consequence, in particular, of its self-organizing nature. Optimal forms were found that allowed this activity to develop rapidly and sustainably. These organizational findings have come about thanks to the collective experience and extensive practice of tourist travel. Reference (classified) routes were such a methodical find. Already in those years, there was a need for a theoretical substantiation of this concept, the development of methodological principles for constructing routes, and assessing the optimality of the system of reference routes in various regions. However, scientific approaches to these issues have not yet been developed. Given the usefulness of reference routes for the development of Soviet sports tourism, one can assume their expediency at the present time, when the goals of tourism, its system of organization, and the geographical directions of tourist flows are changing dramatically.
The reference route is a form of qualitative assessment of the complexity of a tourist trip. In sports tourism, numerous criteria are used to determine the degree of difficulty in overcoming natural obstacles, including quantitative ones. With the help of quantitative criteria, an assessment of the complexity of caves, mountain passes or climbing routes to the peaks is formed. At the same time, even at the stage of assessing the complexity of overcoming individual objects (mountain passes, river rapids), the integral indicator is the score of obstacle difficulty categories (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, etc.), i.e. not only a quantitative criterion, but also a qualitative one. If it is necessary to solve the problem of assessing the complexity of not a single obstacle, but the entire tourist route, then a qualitative form of assessment is indispensable. Such a qualitative assessment is actually the method of correlating a given route with a reference route - a prerequisite for the safety of tourist travel. Sports tourism uses the principle of gradual increase in complexity in the process of acquiring a tourist experience to ensure the safety of travel. To do this, tourist routes are evaluated by difficulty categories by type of sports tourism, and each category involves a certain set of tourist obstacles. Nevertheless, reference routes have been developed for each tourist region of the CIS for different categories of complexity, which are recommended for travel and with which other routes are correlated to assess the complexity of the latter. In this regard, the reference route is involved in the formation of a security system in tourism.
Reference routes were the basis for building a system of sports tourism in the USSR, and now they fulfill this role in Russia. In addition, the use of the method of reference routes helps in the formation of a system for coordinating the activities of public tourism organizations. Such routes represent the basis for regulating amateur tourism and informing its participants.
Reference routes concentrate many years of collective experience and talent of travelers. Since the thirties of the last century and up to the present, many well-known sports tourists, including professional geographers, have been engaged in the development, passage of reference and other routes, determination of the category of difficulty and classification of mountain passes in the regions of Russia and the CIS republics. It is impossible to mention all those involved in this enormous work. A great contribution to the study of the tourism opportunities of the Caucasus was made by V.V. Arsenin, K.E. Akhmedkhanov, B.M. Beroev, N.D. Bondarev, Yu.V. Granilshchikov, E.P. Titkova, N.R. Elbakyan; Pamir-Alai - A.L. Gartsevich, L.A. Maksimov; Pamir - S.I. Alimov, V.M. Abalakov, N.N. Volkov, N.P. Gorbunov, I.G. Dorofeev, D.M. Zatulovsky, V.Yu. Popchikovsky; Tien Shan - S.Ya. Volkov, B.G. Karpov, N.V. Small; Dzungarian Alatau - V.N. Vukolov, V.S. Tikhonov; Altai - M.V. Tronov, S.R. Gromov, V.A. Polyakov, A.F. Kharchenko; Tyva - Yu.P. Seliverstov; Transbaikalia - V.S. Preobrazhensky, Yu.A. Stürmer, Ural - A.O. Kemmerich, S.A., Toropov, R.B. Rubel.
One of the central concepts in tourism is the concept of "route". The category "route" has both common, and geographical, and touristic meaning. In the generally accepted sense, a route is a path with a predetermined trajectory. Note that this category has a spatial rather than a temporal connotation. In this regard, the concept of a route often has a geographical or even astronomical content if its trajectory goes beyond the geographic envelope.
The route is one of the essential concepts in the field of tourism, since tourism in its essence is a route. Tourism differs from other types of activity precisely in the nature of the route, which expresses its sectoral technology and mode of activity. Consider the topological features of the tourist route.
Tourist routes differ in configuration, i.e. the form of a "thread", a path line. There are four main types of routes. The first three of them are elementary, the fourth is composite.
A linear route is a route that starts at one point and ends at another. At the same time, tourists will not repeat the path traveled throughout the entire route.
Ring route - a route that has a ring shape, which begins and ends at the same point. At the same time, tourists, just as in the first case, constantly follow a new path for themselves.
A radial route is a round-trip route. It starts and ends at the same point. Tourists return to the starting point of the route in the same way as they moved forward.
The combined route as a model of tourist travel is used most often. Usually the main line of such a route is linear, sometimes circular, and radial exits are organized from the main line of the route to the sides, which can be of two types: circular and linear. Radial exits are organized in order to visit any interesting tourist sites or obstacles that are away from the main route line.
The tourist route is a concept of socio-economic geography, since the following diverse components of the system are connected in the composition and organization of the tourist route: groups of people, tourist obstacles, sightseeing objects, means of transport and means, objects of tourist infrastructure, and much more. The concept of "tourist route" is closely related to such concepts of domestic and foreign geography as "territorial recreational system", "destination" and "tourist area".
Reference (classified) routes were adopted by tourist public and sports organizations in the Soviet Union, and are now used in the regions of the CIS and various types of tourism. They can be analyzed for the logic of the route. Not all proposed routes are logical. The route, the principles of which are inexpressive, is weakly popular or not in demand at all.
An example of an unpopular reference route can be the hiking (skiing) route of the III category of complexity (hereinafter referred to as c.s.) recommended in many official reference books in the Northern Urals (the village of Kytlym - the city of Konzhakovsky Kamen - the city of Denezhkin Kaman - the village of Vsevolodo-Blagodatskoye ). With external attractiveness (connection in one trip of two interesting separate mountain ranges), the route turned out to be “ungrateful” due to the large distance between the two mountainous regions, which should be overcome through the closed spaces of the windbreak ridged taiga. When compiling the route, the formal approach won (the required number of natural obstacles and kilometers). The idea, tactical decision and logic are not visible here. An example of a logical and popular reference route is the III k.s. along the Eastern Sayan (settlement Arshan - Arshansky pass - river Kitoy - river Shumak - pass Shumaksky - village Nilova Pustyn).
It is the logic of the route that is the most difficult task of its organization, which requires broad geographical and tourist-tactical knowledge and creativity. All the most famous geographical expeditions and travels, successful hiking trips and events were distinguished by a "route idea", a clear logic of the route project.
It should be noted that the logical aspects of the development of routes, the strategy and tactics of its compilation are extremely rarely considered in scientific, and even in applied literature. However, there are publications whose authors feel these aspects very subtly. An example of such original work on the compilation and organization of a tourist route is the article by B. B. Rodoman "The Art of Travel".
A sports tourist route, its configuration is initially built mentally, in accordance with the main idea, i.e. must have the logic of construction, which determines its route line, features of the organization and conduct of the trip. In drawing up a travel itinerary, various logics can be incorporated. The possible approaches to the route construction logic are listed below in sequence.
The intersection logic (Fig. 5) is suitable, for example, for remote and hard-to-reach geographic areas where there are no transport routes within the area. In order to study this area in detail, you need to cross it through, because there are entrance ways only on one side of it, and exit ways are only on the other side. At the same time, sometimes it is necessary to cross not only the tourist area (the area of concentration of the most interesting tourist sites), but also the geographical area, which is usually much larger. For example, crossing the Pamirs, Tibet or any significant island, where transport routes, as a rule, are available only along the outskirts or shores of the island. In such places it is possible, of course, to carry out shorter radial exits - from access roads into the depths of the area, but such routes will not give a complete acquaintance with this area.
The logic of stringing (connections, traverse) is not characteristic of the longest routes, usually within the same tourist area, where several objects of tourist interest can be connected by one linear route. The logic of stringing does not necessarily imply that the main route will traverse through the peaks of interest to tourists - it is enough that it will come as close as possible to them, from where it will be possible to make a short radial exit. The stringing logic allows you to see the most interesting tourist sites in the area, while the configuration route can be circular or linear, with a very winding line.
The logic of visiting (climbing) implies the presence of one (several nearby) large and most interesting tourist site, a cave or a mountain peak, for the sake of which tourists make their trip. The configuration of such routes will, as a rule, be radial, and the logic of such a route is to approach the object of interest and return to the access routes. A typical example of such a route would be a trip to the Man-Pupu-Ner plateau in the Northern Urals, which can only be reached from one side. Accordingly, the configuration of the route will be radial, and the goal is to visit the unique landscape of Man-Pupu-Nera.
The logic of passing (overcoming) (Fig. 8.). Routes for this purpose are more common in such technical types of tourism as mountain and water. Here the meaning of the route is to overcome any specific complex natural obstacles (mountain passes or river rapids), and this route is built in such a way as to pass through them, it consists in approaching them, overcoming the obstacle and then leaving the route.
The logic of the "great path" of travelers is to go through completely extended, linearly elongated natural zones, coasts.
Examples of the organization of such a trail in different countries are known (the Great Appalachian Trail, the Great Ural Trail, the Great Sayan Trail). At the same time, the very elongated shape of the geographical area sets the direction of the route and stimulates the desire of a person, if not with their feet, then with the use of some kind of transport, or at least mentally walk along it. There are enough examples of routes constructed in this way. There were many travelers who traveled completely along all the Ural Mountains, from the steppe Mugodzhary to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. One of the most popular known trips was the expedition "Big Ural, 91" led by N. Rundkvist (Yekaterinburg). The well-known Russian traveler G. Travin was guided by a similar logic - the "great path": he was going to completely pass along the border of the Soviet Union. He began his expedition in 1929. For several years he traveled by bicycle along the border of the USSR, including the Arctic coast.
In the 80s. of the last century, the Russian expedition "Great Northern Path" on dog sleds was carried out, which passed along the coast of the Arctic Ocean from Chukotka to Murmansk under the leadership of S. Solovyov (Yekaterinburg).
direction logic. It may be the direction towards the horizon. Travelers, for example, set the goal of moving east or predominantly east.
This logic is usually present in fairly large trips. For example, the desire of travelers of past centuries to reach the highest possible latitude in the Northern or Southern Hemisphere while moving due north or south. This also applies
and the desire to reach the North or South Pole of the Earth. In today's smaller sporting travels, there is sometimes a logic of direction as well. For example, when traveling in hard-to-reach areas, entrances and approaches to which are possible only from one side. So, when traveling along the Putorana Plateau, tourists tend to move as far as possible to the east, because the entrances to this territory are possible only from the west, and therefore the eastern parts of the plateau are less explored, and therefore more interesting. Often the same goal - to go as far north as possible - is also pursued by tourists traveling through the Polar Urals, the approaches to which are most convenient from the south, from the Seida-Labytnangi railway.
The logic of the historical path. These types of routes are quite common lately.
Many tourist groups plan their trips not so much with a sporting purpose as with an educational one. At the same time, large expeditions are possible, for example, moving along the Great Silk Road or sailing along the path of Christopher Columbus or Magellan. Less grandiose ones are also possible - by Yermak or by the route “From the Varangians to the Greeks”. Very small ones are possible - walk along the Inca trail or ride a bicycle along the abandoned Babinovskaya road in the Perm Territory and Sverdlovsk Region from Solikamsk to Verkhoturye. Moreover, in this case, it is more important for tourists to repeat the line of the old tract, the route of ancient travelers as accurately as possible, and not to find a difficult or easier way, to carry out a route through the most beautiful places.
Logic of research (expedition). A field study (expedition) differs from a tourist trip in the goals and logic of the route.
The logic of training (alpine camp). This is a route from one base camp to various objects, for example, to mountain peaks, during which there is an increase in the complexity of radial routes. Often such logic is used precisely for the purpose of teaching mountain travel under the guidance of an instructor through training in overcoming river crossings, rocky, ice sections, and then difficult ascents to the peaks.
The most perfect version of the route line is the one that is planned on the basis of several factors, where the logic of building the route from the position of many aspects is traced. It is in this way that it is desirable to form a system of reference routes in tourist areas.
The modern expansion of active forms and types of tourism leads to a similar use of the territory, in addition to sports tourism, by such new related activities as active (adventure) tourism, extreme tourism, ecological tourism, etc. In this regard, there is a need to develop scientific geographical foundations for applying the reference approach in tourism. The possibilities of applying this approach to routes outside of sports tourism are increasing. There are new tasks of route standardization in tourism, dictated by the need to ensure a good rest and recovery of people, to satisfy their need for knowledge of territories while observing safety conditions.
One of the tasks is to develop an abstract model of the reference route. The shown model can be suitable for almost any tourist area, especially for such types of tourism as walking, mountain and skiing.
With a bright individuality of each tourist route, one can single out their typical properties and compile their general configuration model. The tourist route, as a rule, starts from any transport hub, where they get by long-range means of transport - trains or planes. This transport hub (point of entry) is usually within the geographical area in which the journey will take place. From the transport hub, tourists usually drive by car to the entry point to the area, which is already located within the immediate tourist area. Here begins the active part of the route.
The approach to the main part of the journey usually takes place along roads or trails. On the route, the obstacles that are chosen to be overcome always begin (at least, this is recommended) with simpler ones, which are located on the approaches to the main part of the route, where objects of tourist interest are concentrated.
As a rule, simple obstacles in mountain travel are simple passes, crossings, canyons, peaks or traverses. After several more or less simple obstacles, when tourists are already drawn into the marching rhythm and they have some acclimatization to high-mountain environmental conditions (or others that differ from the usual), they enter the area of concentration of tourist sites, for which the trip is usually carried out in this tourist area. area.
A visit to such a most interesting place for tourists can be carried out both in a linear continuous route, and when making circular radial exits. Here there are already more complex obstacles, perhaps even the most difficult in technical and physical terms. It is better to get acquainted with the area of concentration of tourist objects closer to the second half of the trip, when the tourists have already sufficiently acclimatized, entered their maximum physical and technical form.
Quite often there is a point in the middle of the route where the routes of many tourist groups traveling in this tourist area intersect. Usually this is a beautiful place with a good view, with conditions convenient for parking a large number of tourists, where elements of tourist infrastructure (bases, huts, helipads) can be formed. In such places, tourist groups often leave food supplies and some equipment, and from here they make circular and linear radial exits.
Toward the end of the journey, when the group has already acclimatized well and still has enough physical and moral strength, tourists make a linear radial exit to overcome some main (key) obstacle, usually more difficult in terms of physical indicators. After that, they usually pass another difficult obstacle (but not the maximum difficulty for this route), which separates tourists from the already fairly easy exit routes from the tourist area.
After this last difficult obstacle, the exit from the tourist area, which is not difficult either physically or technically, begins - usually along paths and roads, which ends either in some settlement or in a place where a road suitable for motor vehicles approaches. From here, tourists leave this tourist area on a scheduled or hired vehicle to a transport hub (departure point), which is already located outside the tourist area, but usually still within this geographical area. Then the tourists return home by long-haul means of transport (trains or planes).
There are many examples of compliance with such an abstract model of a sports tourist route in almost all tourist areas. We will illustrate this model with the route of a sports trip along the Katunsky ridge in Altai.
The geographical area of this route is Altai, the point of entry, the transport hub, where they reach by long-range means of transport, is the city of Biysk. From it, tourists are already getting by regular or hired vehicles to the tourist area - the Katunsky ridge.
The entry point directly to the active part of the route, which can be reached by car, is the village of Tungur. Further along the road and trail there is an approach to the main part of the route, where objects of tourist interest are concentrated, through simple passes (Kazuyak - a non-categorical pass, Kara-Turek - a pass of 1A category of difficulty). The main part of the trip along the Katunsky ridge can be carried out in its different parts, depending on which of them are more interesting for a particular group of tourists.
These can be passages of passes in the Akkem river basin or in the Kucherla river basin - in the annular radial exit; or maybe in the area of the source of the Katun River (but then in this case it will already be a continuous linear route). The crossing point of the routes of many tourist groups is either Lake Akkemskoye, or Lake Kucherlinskoye, or the Brothers Tronovy glacier, from where climbing Mount Belukha is usually made.
After traveling through the area of concentration of objects of tourist interest, tourists sometimes make a radial exit to climb Mount Belukha, the highest peak of Altai. Further, the route passes through a difficult pass (most often it is the Delaunay Pass - 2A-2B category of difficulty, or the Burevestnik Pass - 2A category of difficulty) and begins access to the valley of the Katun River along one of its right tributaries, along the trails.
The exit point is one of the villages on the Katun, most often the village of Tungur, which was also the entry point. Then the tourists go by car to the transport hub Biysk.
The authors believe that the presented abstract model of an active tourist route is not far-fetched, but expresses the approach to sports travel that has developed over many years of practice. The model seems to be optimal - it has been tested by many generations of tourists in different types of tourism and in different areas.
Reference tourist routes are in fact district-forming flows and, in this regard, can serve as criteria for tourist zoning of the territory. The network of routes, its hierarchy can underlie the tourist topology of the region and form a mosaic of tourist areas.
Reference tourist routes perform connecting, organizing roles in territorial recreational systems, the doctrine of which was developed by outstanding geographers, who are also specialists in sports tourism, and is the most scientifically designed and accomplished. Such routes fix and link the main structural elements of territorial recreational systems, especially in peripheral and mountainous areas.
The use of the concept of "reference tourist route" is impossible without studying many socio-economic issues, for example, the issues of the current infrastructural provision of reference routes, the correspondence of free time and income of a modern person to his "route" needs and opportunities, the correspondence of specific trajectories of spatio-temporal behavior of people to the lines of reference routes etc.
In conclusion, we note that domestic tourism has a special history, traditions and specifics, which are advisable to rely on in modern planning and management of tourism processes in the regions. Amateur tourism was a particularly successful form of tourism in the USSR, providing opportunities for a large proportion of the population to engage in this activity.
Travel planning tips. Types of hikes. Peculiarities. Adviсe. Personal experience. (10+)
Making travel itineraries
Any person who goes on hikes or is going to go, sooner or later thinks about how the route map is drawn up and prepared. Of course, if you are going for the first time, then it is best to take someone else's thoughtful ready-made version of the route as a basis. Route threads can be found on various travel forums and websites, where you will be offered a wide variety of options. But if for the first time you are going to the forest or rafting and decide to manage the process yourself, discard this idea. For the first time, it is best to go with knowledgeable people or use the services of paid trips if there is no free tourist club in your city. If you have already gone hiking more than once, then when choosing routes, it is best to write out several options, view detailed information about the necessary objects included in the route, and also look at photos. But don't forget! It is best to draw up your route after you have walked several times with knowledgeable people and you can say with confidence that you can easily find your way in unfamiliar terrain.
- You must determine in advance the daily mileage of the trip. How many kilometers per day do you really want to walk, swim or ride.
- It is best to tie overnight stays to those places where there is water at this time of the year (river, spring, lake, etc.).
- It is best to prepare fallback itineraries just in case something doesn't go the way you planned.
Determine daily mileage
Let's take a closer look at the first point. Of course, over time, you will set your own mileage limit, but still we want to give a few recommendations.
- hiking. If you plan to walk, it is best to plan 10 to 25 kilometers a day for the day. Take into account the physical abilities of each person who goes along with you, warn in advance about the difficulties that may arise in the campaign, its participants. So, for example, if you take children with you, then it is best to reduce the mileage to 10-15, but in the company of adults alone, it can be set in the range from 15 to 25 km.
- mountain hike. Remember that this is not the same as walking through beautiful places. Organizing it is not as easy as it may seem to you at first. The most important thing you will have to face is the elevation changes. Here it is already important to calculate not only the total mileage, but also the daily climb. For example, if you plan to gain from 300 to 500 meters per day, then the horizontal mileage should be from 5 to 10 km. When dialing 1000 meters vertically, it is best to limit yourself to 2-3 km horizontally. If 1000 vertical meters are planned per day, then this is a lot, only people with good physical fitness can do this. Do not forget that you will also have a backpack behind you, which, at least, will weigh 20-30 kg. The best option is to lay vertical lifts, limited to 500-600 meters per day.
- water trips. Remember that usually non-threshold rivers flow at a speed of 4 km / h. If you row without straining, then the speed of your "vehicle" will increase to 5-6 km / h. In 6 hours you can walk 30 km, and in 8 - 40. Naturally, there are people who can walk more than 100 km in a day, but in this article we focus more on average people, so we will not consider "moose".
- Bicycle trips. The number of kilometers that your "team" will pass per day will be affected by the number of ascents and descents, their angle of inclination and length. Of course, the physical endurance of each participant also directly affects. For a normal cycle trip, you can set from 40 to 60 km per day, if it passes on good dirt roads and with small inclines.
- cave hike. In fact, quite a few factors influence this type of trip. First: horizontal or vertical cave. In the second option, you need special equipment, as well as the ability to communicate with it. You should never go down into the caves alone. After all, if something goes wrong with you, then the phone is unlikely to work, and you will not be able to call someone for help. The best option is to plan 1 vertical cave or 2 horizontal caves per day. If there are more of them, then most likely the impression of the first one will simply disappear. Quite a lot of time is spent on preparatory work with vertical caves. After all, it is necessary to make a hitch, provide all participants with harnesses, descend and rise for everyone from the cave. If the group consists of 10 or more people, then all these activities can generally drag on for the whole day.
Choosing a place to stay
Let's move on to the next, second point, which is related to the fact that you need to plan an overnight stay near the water. Of course, you can carry water with you. But remember that its volume should consist of approximately 2 liters per person: for breakfast and dinner. Naturally, it is much better not to carry water with you, but to collect it from an existing source. By the way, you should pay attention to the fact that, for example, in the Crimea, most of the springs dry up in the summer. They can exist in the spring, but dry up in the summer. Do not forget about such nuances. In water trips, when you do not want to cook food from water collected from the river, you should collect containers of 5 liters per person per day. Water can be collected either in villages or in spring water sources.
We exclude surprises
What is the third point about? It's pretty simple here. Remember that there is no 100% that the plan you have drawn up will be fully implemented. What can influence its failure? Reassessment of one's own physical abilities, illness or bad weather on a camping trip. It is best to plan a minimum and maximum program for the day, while taking into account parking by the water.
Considering all the above factors, you can make a wonderful route, choose only well-worn paths, do not forget about water and elevation changes. Everything will work out for you! Go hiking and have fun!
Unfortunately, errors occur periodically in articles, they are corrected, articles are supplemented, developed, new ones are being prepared.
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Introduction
Peculiarities of youth tourism
One-day excursion for schoolchildren in the historical part of Moscow
Multi-day tour for schoolchildren in Moscow
Conclusion
List of used literature
Applications
Introduction
Tourism is one of the most important industries in the economy of any country. Therefore, within the framework of the discipline “Technology of service in tourism and hospitality”, in this work, we are compiling a tourist route as a significant component of tourist products.
Schoolchildren aged 10-12 were selected as the audience of the route. The relevance of the choice is determined by the fact that the younger generation is the future of our country and needs a harmonious all-round development, one of the tools of which is tourism and local history activities. In the market of tourist services, products for children, youth and youth are becoming more and more in demand. And if adults do not always give preference to domestic tourism, then they will willingly agree to purchase a domestic product for their children. But at the same time, there is no comprehensive approach to the organization of domestic youth tourism.
The subject of research in our work is youth tourism, and the object is tourist routes for children in Moscow.
The purpose of writing the work is to develop full-fledged tourist routes in Moscow and the Moscow region for children aged 10-12, taking into account their needs, existing tourism resources and the market situation, which could be used in practice by travel companies.
To achieve this goal, we have the following tasks:
to characterize the features of youth tourism;
develop a one-day excursion for schoolchildren in the historical part of Moscow;
to form a program of a multi-day tour for schoolchildren in Moscow.
In this work, we want to focus on educational tourism and patriotic, cultural education of the younger generation, new tourism technologies.
1. Features of youth tourism
Youth tourism as a specific system is a complex phenomenon. As a whole, it arises primarily from relations with the environment: political, economic, social and environmental. The outside world actively influences tourism and local history activities, in some cases opening up wide opportunities for it, in others - threatening new dangers. Being a component of the country's tourism sector, youth tourism in Russia is primarily intended to solve important social problems related to the upbringing, health improvement and education of the younger generation by means of tourism and local history activities, namely by:
physical rehabilitation and disease prevention;
orientation of the younger generation to a healthy lifestyle, the formation of an active life position;
the development of the best moral qualities of the individual, patriotic education, the formation in children of respect for the history of the people and people;
preparing adolescents for military service, for training in higher educational institutions of the military type;
environmental education, education of a conscious attitude to the nature of our country, humane treatment of animals.
At the same time, the main criteria in the creation of children's tourist products, in particular in the development of routes, are their ethics and safety, age-appropriateness. But we should not forget about the economic side of the issue.
The route is a pre-planned route for the movement of children, a set of objects and methods of transportation. It is especially important that a plan of action be provided in case of illness of children, an emergency, an emergency, etc.
The main problem in the development of youth tourism in the Russian Federation is the insufficient network of accommodation for children. It is necessary to create specialized children's and youth hotels, especially in big cities. In the meantime, travel agencies are forced to place children in ordinary hotels, which is not always advisable from both ethical and economic, hygienic points of view. Children's hotels can be equipped with their own dining room, shower rooms, utility rooms, a left-luggage office, an Internet cafe, and other infrastructure elements.
Another problem is the lack of funding for health tourism for children and youth.
Very often, travel companies offer only entertainment products for young clients, while cultural, patriotic, environmental education is ignored for the sake of market conditions. Children are less likely to visit museums, and if they do so, it is only under duress, without experiencing interest. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider the approach to the creation of children's and youth tourism products.
Thus, the routes, the objects included in them, should be interesting and useful, combining elements of educational and recreational tourism, contributing to the spiritual and physical development of children, their recovery. All this should have a positive effect on the development of domestic tourism, because citizens from childhood will be able to realize that there are many attractive places in Russia and it is not necessary to go on vacation abroad if you can visit interesting corners of your homeland.
Based on these postulates, we will try to present tourist routes in Moscow for children aged 10-12.
One-day excursion for schoolchildren in the historical part of Moscow
Patriotic education and acquaintance with the history of the native land of the country play an important role in the development of the younger generation, in this case schoolchildren aged 10-12. Therefore, we have proposed a one-day walking route through the historical part of Moscow, its center, called "The Heart of Moscow". It includes: visiting the Kremlin and Red Square, areas of Kitay-Gorod, in particular Revolution Square, the sights of Myasnitskaya Street, as well as visiting Chistye Prudy, Chistoprudny and Sretensky Boulevards, as part of the White City (Boulevard Ring), Sadovo-Spasskaya Street, as part of Garden Ring (Appendix 1).
The excursion route starts at the metro station “Biblioteka im. Lenin" on the street. Vozdvizhenka. From here, a group of children, led by a guide and accompanying person, moves towards the Moscow Kremlin.
The Moscow Kremlin can be called the main attraction of the capital. After all, this is not only an important historical and architectural landmark, but also a functioning socio-political complex, the residence of the President of the Russian Federation. The Kremlin is located on a hill called Borovitsky Hill. Even in ancient times, people settled here (starting from the II millennium BC). In the tenth century The territory was mastered by the Slavic tribes of the Vyatichi, who erected a moat and a palisade around the hill - the first prototype of the modern Kremlin walls. The first stone fortifications appeared here in 1156, when Moscow began to grow and develop. A fortress was built on the hill, which was destroyed in 1238 by the Mongol-Tatars. In 1339, under Ivan Kalita, the wooden Kremlin “grew up”, which became the residence of the Moscow princes. The Cathedral of the Savior on Bor was built, which existed until 1933 and became the burial place of the rulers of Moscow. In 1367, stone walls and towers were erected under Dmitry Donskoy. From 1482 to 1495, towers and walls were formed, which have survived to this day. So in 1491 the most famous tower of the entire Kremlin complex was built - the Spasskaya Tower, on which the Kremlin chimes are located (appeared in 1625, were modernized) and a star (was added in 1935). In the XV century. The Moscow Kremlin was rebuilt, the Assumption Monastery was erected. And the territory itself began to take on the features of a socio-political, spiritual, cultural and economic center of the Moscow principality. At the same time, both Russian and foreign architects and architects worked on the creation of the architectural complex. At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI centuries. the surrounding streets were formed.
In 1701, the Kremlin suffered from a strong fire, and Tsar Peter I moved his residence from here, so for some time he lost the status of a political center. The construction of wooden buildings was prohibited. In 1768, during the construction of the Kremlin Palace, most of the architecture of the princely period was destroyed. The style of classicism and baroque began to prevail. In 1787, the Senate Palace was built in the classical style, since the Senate was transferred from St. Petersburg to Moscow. In the XVII-XIX centuries. the construction of secular buildings in the pseudo-Gothic style prevailed, and the Moscow Kremlin actually acquired its current "face". He began to be perceived as a symbol of Russia, Russian glory and history. However, the Kremlin remained more of a museum complex, since Russian emperors rarely used it as their residence.
In 1917, during the October Revolution, the Moscow Kremlin was badly damaged by shelling. But since the Soviet government chose Moscow as its political center, the Kremlin again received the status of a state center. But all the churches on its territory were closed, some elements of the complex were destroyed, for example, chapels, a monument to Prince Sergei Alexandrovich. In the 1920-30s. the Kremlin premises were used as living quarters for the leaders of the new state. In 1935, stars made of gems were installed on the main towers of the Kremlin, including Spasskaya. During the Great Patriotic War, the Moscow Kremlin was carefully camouflaged. After all, the complex was twice captured by enemies: the Polish-Lithuanian troops in 1610-12. and Napoleon's troops in 1812. The latter inflicted significant damage on him.
Since 1955, the Moscow Kremlin has become a museum complex, partially open to the public. The newest building is the Palace of Congresses, built in 1961. The main meetings were held in the Kremlin - the congresses of the leaders of the Communist Party of the USSR. Prominent political figures were also buried here, starting with V.I. Lenin, whose mausoleum is located next to the Kremlin.
In 1990, the South European Coalition made the Moscow Kremlin a World Heritage Site. Since 1991, a number of restoration works have been carried out in it.
After visiting the Moscow Kremlin, a group of children goes to Red Square. Red Square was formed after a fire in the 15th century, when it was decided not to build up the territory of the settlement near the Kremlin. As the legend says, it got its name because there was a Place of execution here - a place of executions. This is the main and most beautiful square in Moscow with a size of 23 thousand square meters. It offers a beautiful view of the Moscow Kremlin. Also, children can see the monument to Minin and Pozharsky, the building of the Historical Museum, GUM, Kazan Cathedral, St. Basil's Cathedral, the Mint, in particular, the House of Provincial Government and other objects.
Perhaps one of the most beautiful landmarks of Red Square is St. Basil's Cathedral - another visiting card of Moscow (Appendix 3a). Students will be interested to know his story. It was built in 1555-1561 during the reign of Ivan the Terrible and combines the features of traditional Russian architecture and European architecture of the Renaissance. There are many beautiful legends associated with its origin that the guide can tell.
From Red Square, bypassing the Resurrection Gate, a group of children is transferred to Revolution Square (Voskresenskaya Square). A fragment of the ancient Kitai-Gorod wall remained on the Revolution Square. The fact is that once there was Kitay-gorod - an important historical district of Moscow. Boyars, merchants lived in it, there was a center of printing and education.
Then along Nikolskaya street through the Kuznetsky bridge the group moves to the street. Myasnitskaya. Moving on foot, children inspect the buildings of the street and receive information from the guide. Notable are the Moscow Post Office, estates of landowners, the Gostorg building, the Profitable House of the Stroganov School, etc. The street got its name because there were once many butcher shops on it. She was mentioned in her works by A.S. Pushkin. And V. Mayakovsky. All this will allow children to develop their horizons.
Myasnitskaya street leads the group to Chistye Prudy. Interestingly, this area was once called the Filthy Swamps. At the beginning of the XVIII century. at the request of the famous statesman A.D. Menshikov, who lived nearby, the swamps were cleared and turned into Chistye Prudy. Now it is almost a cult place for tourists, because Chistye Prudy has been repeatedly mentioned in literature, music, art, and many films have been shot here. The picturesque place serves as a skating rink in winter and a lake for boat trips in summer. Often there are creative and social events, flash mobs.
A tour of Chistye Prudy is followed by a walk along Chistoprudny and Sretensky Boulevards. They form part of the boulevard ring of Russia, which was once the White City. The White City was formed in the 14th century as the estates of the boyars, as well as Cannon Yard, Okhotny Ryad and Kolymazhny Yard, walled and surrounded by gardens. At the same time, the walls of the White City were no less strong than the Kremlin ones. But in the 1770s, the walls lost their defensive value, because. Moscow grew rapidly and Empress Catherine II gave the order to dismantle the boulevards here. In 1887, a horse tram appeared on the Boulevard Ring, which in 1911 was replaced by an electric tram. The boulevard ring and separate boulevards are a wonderful monument of landscape gardening art. The guide introduces children to this art form.
The group, led by a guide, returns to Myasnitskaya Street and goes to a high-rise building on Red Gate Square on Sadovo-Spasskaya Street (Appendix 3b). This building is one of the seven so-called. "Stalin skyscrapers" of Moscow. Built in the style of imitation of Russian and Ukrainian baroque in 1947-52, the building is 138 meters high (24 floors) and is a fine example of Soviet architecture. Children are told about the history of Soviet construction and that period in general, and are also introduced to the history of the Garden Ring, part of which is Sadovo-Spasskaya Street.
The Garden Ring is a ring main street, like the Boulevard Ring, it arose on the basis of old fortifications. Previously, front gardens were laid out here, which is why it got its name, but in 1937, when it was necessary to expand the roadway, all the gardens were cut down. Children get an idea of the circular, spherical building type of ancient Moscow.
The route ends near the Sukharevskaya metro station, from where the children can return home. The total duration of the tour is 6 hours. Starting at 11:00, ending at 17:00. Children are accompanied by two adults (one of them is a guide).
Multi-day tour for schoolchildren in Moscow
For children of 10-12 years old who came to Moscow from other regions, a multi-day tour can also be offered, allowing you to see the main sights of the capital. This assumes the accommodation of a group of children in a hotel, as well as meals, travel by bus, included in the cost of the tour. It is desirable that the hotel meets the standard of at least “2-3 stars”, provides breakfast and dinner, or that there are canteens nearby, as well as a hospital. Children should be fed in a dining room, cafe and restaurant that meets all standards and requirements. The transfer must be carried out on a comfortable, serviceable bus in compliance with all safety rules. Children must be accompanied by at least 2-3 adults.
The itinerary will look like this:
Day 1: Meeting of the group at the station. Breakfast. Sightseeing tour of the city of Moscow (Kremlin and Red Square).
Route development
route route;
determining the type of route;
- injury risk;
- fire hazard;
-biological effects;
- radiation hazard;
- chemical influences;
- other factors;
-specific risk factors
Precautionary measures
Injury hazard
Analysis and optimization of implemented routes.
It is possible to evaluate the economic efficiency of the developed tourist product using the indicators of profitability and profitability of products. The indicator of profitability of a tourism product is defined as the ratio of gross profit to the total costs of the company for this tourism product. That. to determine the profitability, you need to divide the gross profit by the total costs.
Change of route - used to optimize the hike. An example would be the simplification of part or the entire route, due to its high complexity for unprepared tourists.
Route decomposition - used to reduce the travel time, to create new or combined routes.
6. Performing reconnaissance in the most common types of active tourism (on the example of one of the types).
Reconnaissance - inspection and survey of the area in order to select the position of strong points.
· Each type of tourism has some specific features associated with natural conditions or mode of transportation. Accordingly, the methods of orientation are also different.
· Hiking. When orienting on hiking trips, special attention should be paid to linear landmarks - the road network and the clearing system. Roads and trails do not help much in the process of orientation: as a rule, not all roads are shown on the map, and not with such a degree of detail as to serve as a good guide. In addition, roads are the most variable element of the landscape; maps age the fastest when showing roads.
Construction of a tactical route scheme: tasks and main reflected objects.
Typology of tourism: active and culturally oriented tourism. Active tourism- tourism using active types of travel - on foot, skiing, cycling, horseback riding. It has a predominant development in the territories that have preserved their unique landscapes. These include, first of all, Russia, which simultaneously has low-lying plains, swamps, steppe landscapes, as well as mountain and desert landscapes.
9.Typology of tourism: active and culturally oriented tourism.
Tourist route. Stages of formation and functioning.
The most popular routes: "Golden Ring" (Moscow - Zagorsk - Pereslavl-Zalessky - Rostov-Yaroslavsky-Yaroslavl - Kostroma - Ples - Ivanovo - Suzdal - Vladimir - Moscow), "Across the Baltic" (Vilnius - Kaliningrad - Riga - Tallinn), "Across the capitals of the republics of Central Asia" (Frunze - Tashkent - Samarkand - Dushanbe - Ashgabat), "Carpathian" (Lviv - Yaremcha - Rakhiv - Mukachevo - Uzhgorod), "Along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus" (Sukhumi - New Athos - Myussera - Sochi) , as well as in the mountainous regions of the Crimea, the Caucasus, along the Volga (Moscow - Astrakhan - Moscow), the Yenisei (Krasnoyarsk - Dudinka - Krasnoyarsk), horseback riding - along the Adyghe Autonomous Region and the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
· Amateur sports activities are scheduled and organized, as a rule, with the help of tourist clubs, stations, and sections of physical education groups.
· Tourist route - the way of movement of tourists, which determines the sequential visits to historical and natural monuments, as well as other places, for example, places of stops for a halt.
· The route can be developed by a travel company or independently by tourists. In the case of passing along the route organized by the travel agency, the participants are provided with the services of a guide, excursions, as well as other services, such as transport.
· In the direction of the routes are divided into linear, ring, radial. On the routes, tourists can move - on foot or on horseback, by bicycle, car, water vehicles. By the time of the routes are divided into year-round, seasonal and one-time. A group of tourists or one participant can go on the route; according to the form of organization - group and individual.
· Development of a tourist route
· Development of routes is a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is the main element of the tourist service technology. It is long in time and sometimes takes several months. The development of the route ends with the coordination and approval of the route passport. The design process must comply with the requirements of the Law of Ukraine "On Tourism" and GOST 28681. 1-95 "Design of tourist services"
Design process: idea search - idea selection - product development and testing - marketing strategy development - product testing in market conditions
Stages of developing a tourist route:
Study of tourist resources along the proposed route;
Market marketing for tourist services along this route;
Determining the type of route;
Building a route route;
Development of a safety scheme on the route;
Development of a map and route passport;
Trial running of the route;
Approval of the itinerary.
After the route is developed, contracts are concluded with partners.
Route organization method
· Any tourism manager needs to competently and professionally compose tours, organize differentiated services for groups of different social and age composition.
· To attract tourists, there should be something on the route that they would like to see or what they would like to do. You can attract tourists with anything: historical sites, scenic areas, cultural events and exhibitions, hunting. fishing, festival: and, rare animals, birds and many others.
Accessibility involves the use of various types of transport on the tourist route: car, bus, train, plane, and for walking routes - an equipped tourist route. Most tourists will prefer those places that are easy, cheap and convenient to get to.
· Functionality involves year-round use of the same tourist route, but with a different set of seasonal services.
· The multidimensionality of the tourist route requires the presence of pre-prepared options in the tourist service program.
· Comfort. Tourists will give preference to those routes on which conditions for housing and food are created. The absolute minimum is some food and a tent, the optimum is three meals a day, sleeping indoors on a bed, and hot water.
· Awareness. A tourist route may meet all the requirements listed above, but there may not be tourists on it, since they did not hear anything and did not know about it, that is, they were not informed. Awareness of the tourist route is achieved by various means of advertising - in brochures, magazines, newspapers, on radio and television, as well as through agents, travel agencies and through tourists who have extensive travel experience. The tourist must know what he will see, what he will do on the route, how he will get there and where to stay before he decides to go on this route.
2.Route planning in active tourism.
In general design tourist services are carried out in the following sequence:
Establishment of normalized characteristics of the service;
Establishment of technology for the process of serving tourists;
development of technological documentation;
definition of quality control methods;
project analysis;
Submission of the project for approval.
Tour design
According to GOST R 50681-94 “Tourist and excursion services. Tourist services design” tour design provides for the coordination of the capabilities of the enterprise that carries out this design with the requests of tourists.
In Art. 4.1 of this GOST states that the design documentation must contain safety requirements that ensure, in accordance with the Federal Law "On the Protection of Consumer Rights" (dated January 9, 1996), the safety of life, health and property of tourists, environmental protection.
The basis for designing a service is its verbal model (or brief description) - a set of requirements identified as a result of a study of the service market, agreed with the customer, and taking into account the capabilities of the service provider.
The characteristics of the service must not be lower than the requirements of the state standard for the corresponding type of service. The project must include specific requirements for ensuring the safety of the service, minimizing risks for consumers of the service and their property, service personnel and for the environment.
Documentation reflecting the requirements for any type of tourist service must contain:
Description of processes, forms and methods of serving tourists;
Characteristics of tourist service processes;
Requirements for the type, quantity and throughput of the equipment used;
The required number of personnel and the level of their professional training;
Contractual provision of services;
Tourist service guarantees;
Coordination with the owners of recreational resources, bodies of sanitary and epidemiological control, fire supervision, etc.
Specific requirements for the process of serving tourists cannot be lower than the requirements of current regulatory documents.
The design of the process of serving tourists is carried out at separate stages of the provision of services and with the obligatory compilation of technological maps for each of them. The result of designing a tourist service is technological documentation (technological maps, instructions, rules, regulations, etc.).
Designing the service "tourist trip" involves two stages:
1) designing each tour included in the "tourist trip" service in accordance with the tourist service program;
2) designing the "tourist trip" service as a whole.
When designing a service at the request of a tourist, it is necessary to take into account the capabilities of the enterprise that performs the service.
A brief description of the "tourist trip" service is compiled on the basis of a study of the needs and solvency of the population, demand for types of tourist travel, as well as on the basis of studying the possibilities of recreational resources in a particular area. It is specified in the draft tourist service program. When developing a service program, the following are determined:
Travel itinerary;
List of tourist enterprises - executors of services;
The period for the provision of services by each enterprise - service provider;
Composition of excursions and sightseeing objects;
List of tourist trips, walks;
Complex of leisure activities;
Length of stay at each point of the route;
The number of tourists participating in the trip;
Modes of transport for domestic transportation;
The need for guides, tour guides, foreign representatives, instructors, translators, etc., as well as the need for their training;
Required number of vehicles;
Route planning in active tourism.
Route development includes the following main steps:
· study of tourist resources along the proposed route;
marketing of the market for tourism services for this
route route;
determining the type of route;
building a sketch model of the route;
linking the route to life support points;
development of a safety scheme on the route;
· development of the route passport; coordination of the passport with the relevant services;
Trial run-in of the route and making the necessary changes;
approval of the itinerary.
· When organizing a hike, it is very important to understand the degree of readiness of the participants to travel in the chosen area in terms of their sports and technical experience and their level of climatic adaptation.
· Graduality in the acquisition of tourist experience, the growth of the complexity of the routes to be overcome is the key to the success of tourism activities. This principle of sports tourism allows us to formulate the following criterion for choosing a region for a sports trip.
· Correspondence of the area in terms of technical complexity and climatic and geographical characteristics to the experience of the participants of the proposed trip.
· For the success of a sports trip, its comprehensive tactical preparation is important: determining the optimal tactical scheme of the route, choosing obstacles that can be overcome radially (light), choosing places for day trips and possible food deliveries, etc. Therefore, it is desirable that the hiking area provides opportunities for appropriate selection. Hence - another criterion for determining the area of the campaign.
· The breadth of opportunities for laying the route in the area (including the breadth of the choice of marching tactics).
· Other, given below, criteria for choosing a region for a sports hike are understandable and do not require lengthy comments. Here are the criteria:
· Availability of sufficient information about the area of the trip, including the necessary cartographic material.
· Compliance of the district with the long-term sports plans of the group.
· The presence in the group of equipment and financial support necessary for a hike in the area.
· · The route must be designed in such a way as to take into account all the classification requirements for a hike of this category of complexity (correspond to the length, duration and technical complexity).
· · The route must be logical; must be composed in such a way that the set of natural obstacles organically “fits” into the route.
The route should be the basis of the tactical plan (be linear, ring or combined; determine the points of food and other deliveries, determine which natural obstacles will be overcome with full gear, and which radially, lightly, etc.)
· · The route is the basis of the calendar plan of the trip. It must take into account the requirements of gradual increase in physical activity for participants and gradualness in the set of technical complexity.
· · When drawing up the route, one should take into account the possibilities for an emergency exit to populated areas (for example, to provide qualified medical assistance to victims).
4. Implementation of the route on the ground. Basic safety requirements on the example of one of the types of active tourism.
Harmful factors (risk factors) in tourism are classified by the standard as follows:
- injury risk;
- environmental impact;
- fire hazard;
-biological effects;
- psychophysiological loads;
- radiation hazard;
- chemical influences;
- increased dust and gas pollution;
- other factors;
-specific risk factors
Precautionary measures when overcoming natural obstacles on the route: the importance of discipline, the correct assessment of one's strengths and skills. Rules of conduct for tourists in the forest, on the water, in wetlands, on slopes, during thunderstorms, in settlements.
Responsibilities of the guide (conductor) and trailer. Running day mode and daily mode. Rules of conduct for tourists on short halts. Timing of the movement of the group along the route. Work with the map on the way, reconnaissance on the route.
Injury hazard may result from the movement of mechanisms and objects, bodies, difficult terrain, the movement of rocks (rockfalls, mudflows, avalanches), unfavorable ergonomic characteristics of the used tourist equipment and inventory, leading to injuries (uncomfortable shoes - abrasions of the skin of tourists, etc. .), hazardous atmospheric phenomena (atmospheric electricity, lightning, etc.). Reducing the risk of injury is provided by:
Protective devices and fences when using mobile mechanisms, objects, dangerous areas of the territory (lifts, cable cars, scree areas in the mountains, near water bodies, ski slopes, etc.);
Use of personal protective equipment (safety ropes, harnesses when crossing difficult sections of the tourist route, head helmets, ice axes, hooks and other safety equipment);
Compliance with ergonomic requirements for tourist equipment and inventory;
Compliance with the requirements of SNiP 2.08.02 for residential and public buildings and the requirements of relevant regulatory documents for the technical condition of vehicles used for the transport of tourists (sightseeing buses, boats, etc.);
Compliance with the rules for the operation of the inventory and equipment used (elevators, hoists, trolleys, etc.), ensuring its safe operation;
Proactively informing tourists about risk factors and measures to prevent injuries. Tourists should be informed about how to avoid possible injury and what emergency measures should be taken in case of injury.
