Home flights Rostourism aims to develop tourism in the Crimea. Tourism in Crimea: are there any development prospects? Problems of development of sports tourism in the Crimea

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Rostourism aims to develop tourism in the Crimea. Tourism in Crimea: are there any development prospects? Problems of development of sports tourism in the Crimea

Crimea has everything necessary for the development of tourism: the sea, mountains, forests, amazing climate, monuments of different cultures. However, in comparison with the Soviet period, when Crimea was an all-Union health resort, and the present, when Ukrainian citizens are the main visitors to the resort, it becomes obvious that Crimea has lost its position in the tourism market. Being an unusually attractive tourist region, Crimea is experiencing problems in the development of tourism, typical for all countries of the former USSR.

The inability to reveal its full potential, due to lack of funds in the state budget, the low level of services provided, the discrepancy between price and quality, the lack of professionals in the field of tourism and services, limited information and lack of advertising support - all this hinders the development of Crimea as a tourist center.

For example, today, only 10% of the material base meets modern requirements, and the tourist potential of the Crimea is used only by a third. At the same time, the prices are much too high and do not correspond to the quality of the services offered.

The lack of sufficient investment does not allow developing the industry and creating a competitive product. Funds allocated to the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism of the ARC in 2003 and 2004 amounted to only UAH 1.3 million. Raskin Where does the rest begin // Resorts tourism 2004. No. 2. From 18.

At the same time, it is quite obvious that tourism, as a branch of the national economy of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Ukraine, is a very profitable and constant source of income. In addition, tourism accelerates the development of a number of sectors of the economy: construction, the production of goods of increased tourist demand (the development and production of souvenirs, the jewelry industry, a printing base specialized in publishing literature for tourists). Tourism is one of the main sources of job creation.

Crimea is one of the main resort regions of the country, so the need for the development of the region in this area is obvious not only for industry specialists, but also for the leadership of the republic.

After the collapse of the USSR, such structures as Intourist and Sputnik were reorganized, which were engaged in international tourism. There was a drop in domestic tourism, deterioration of the material and technical base. The first attempt to bring tourism out of the crisis in independent Ukraine was the creation in 1992 of the State Committee for Tourism. In 2001, according to the Decree of the President of Ukraine, the State Tourist Administration of Ukraine was established. The creation of a separate body for tourism, as well as the expansion of the powers of this central executive body, made it possible to comprehensively approach the problems of the strategic development of the country's tourism industry.

The strategic goal of the region's development is to create a competitive product on the world market that is able to satisfy the tourism needs of the country's population to the maximum, to ensure, on this basis, the integrated development of the territories and their socio-economic interests while maintaining the ecological balance and historical and cultural heritage.

With the support of the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers and the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, a number of steps were taken to develop the tourism sector.

Realizing the need for a complete modernization of the infrastructure for recreation and treatment, the government is trying to find opportunities to attract investment funds.

According to the Minister of Tourism of Ukraine Valeriy Tsibuha and Chairman of the Council of the Minister of Crimea Vitalina Dzoz, there is no clear concept for the development of the sanatorium and resort complex in Crimea, there is no favorable complex, and there is no favorable investment climate. To do this, it is necessary to create suitable legal and financial conditions for investors, enshrined in law. Ostrov Crimea // Tourism Professional magazine 2003 C 49.

The first steps in this direction are already being taken. For the first time in Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic adopted a regulation on private boarding houses. Thus, this will help to bring additional funds to the budget, and for those involved in reconstruction and construction to receive benefits. A law has been prepared and adopted allowing for 49 years to lease land or an object, build or reconstruct it for further exploitation. In addition, recently in the Crimea there has been a tendency to build mini-hotels, with the ability to use resort facilities.

All these actions of the government of the republic led to the fact that, as a result of a survey, the heads of Crimean health resorts and travel agencies positively assessed the work of the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the results of the holiday season for 2003. (See Appendix 2, 3)

The most important task of the functioning of the resort and recreational complex of Crimea is to provide conditions for the development of foreign tourism. In recent years, there has been a tendency to attract foreign tourists. Compared to 2000 the influx of foreigners increased by 16.2% and amounted to 254.0 thousand people, or 28.4% of the total number of guests. Over ¼ visited the city of Yalta, 23.9% of the city of Evpatoria, 13.9% of Alushta. 96.9% are representatives of the CIS countries, which should determine the strategy for the development of the resort, recreational and tourist complex of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Nesterov How to equip the Crimea // Resorts tourism 2004. No. 2. From 12

In this regard, special attention is paid to the improvement of the regulatory framework in the field of resort tourism, the simplification of border and customs formalities, and the safety of tourists. At the initiative of the State Tourist Administration, by the Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine dated March 29, 2004 No. 410, amendments were made to the procedure for issuing permits for entry into Ukraine, which assumes the possibility of issuing them to citizens of the member countries of the European Union, Canada, the United States, the Swiss Confederation and Japan by consular points of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, which are established at the international airports "Simferopol" and " Odessa”, Odessa Sea Port, for a period of 8 days, if there are documents that confirm the tourist nature of the trip. Information on the state and prospects for the development of cooperation in the field of tourism between Ukraine and the Russian Federation // Tourism, Law and Economics 2003, No. 1. From 43

Crimea needs investments, which amount to hundreds of millions of dollars, the tourism industry is in the first place in this matter. And the Ukrainian government considers Russia to be the main investor country. The motives for attracting Russian capital are not only the desire to receive additional funds to the budget, but also the possible prospects for promoting their goods, primarily agricultural, on the Russian market. And Russia will thereby be able to regain its lost influence on the peninsula. At the same time, the government of the autonomy declares its readiness to provide its guarantees to Russian investors.

86.7% of the total volume of foreign direct investment falls on the share of such investor countries as the Russian Federation, Uzbekistan, the Virgin Islands, Great Britain, Switzerland, Cyprus, Latvia. Nesterov How to equip the Crimea // Resorts tourism 2004. No. 2.C 14 (See Appendix 4)

The main share of foreign capital is concentrated in the healthcare of the Crimea. (See Appendix 5) As of January 1, 2004, foreign direct investment placed in this area amounted to USD 98.0 million, or 48.7% of all capital investments. at the same time, 79.3% of investments came to the healthcare sector from entrepreneurs of the Russian Federation, 18.9% from the founders of Uzbekistan. In the hotel complex of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, foreign investors placed 43.4% million USD, or 19.4% of the total investment in Crimea. A significant part of the funds came to the industry from entrepreneurs in Switzerland - 30.8%, Latvia - 27.1%, the Virgin Islands, Great Britain - 25.3%, the Russian Federation - 9.3%.

In the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, events are being held aimed at developing relations with foreign partners and attracting them as potential investors.

Foreign investments large enough to allow the investor to establish effective control over the management of the enterprise and create a long-term interest in the successful functioning and development of this enterprise, and hence the industry as a whole.

The policy of attracting foreign investment will increase the budget of the tourism industry. Which, in turn, will provide opportunities for improving the material and technical base, creating and developing new products, promoting Crimea on the market, by increasing advertising.

In the total tourist flow in Ukraine, the tourist flow from Russia made up the absolute majority (52% of the total number of travelers with a tourist purpose).

In order to optimize and increase the economic efficiency of activities to develop the tourism space, create a competitive tourism product and promote it on the international market, the government of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is taking the following actions to further develop Ukrainian-Russian relations in the field of tourism.

One of the methods for solving the problems of interaction between countries is the development of socially oriented types of tourism as an important and necessary part of Ukrainian-Russian relations. For many years now, a program of recreation and health improvement has been implemented for the population, especially for children and adolescents in the northern regions of Russia in the Crimean resorts.

In order to maximize the effective use of the tourist and recreational complex of Crimea, to increase income, meet the needs of Ukrainian and Russian tourists, use the opportunity to combine efforts at the beginning of the tourist season, to promote the rich recreational tourist potential of Crimea.

Thus, emphasizing the main task of the government of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, it is necessary to note the attraction of investments in the industry, the creation of a competitive product and its promotion on the market.

Introduction

tourist Crimean peninsula

Crimea has a variety of healing resources, many of which are unique. The presence of diverse natural resources made it possible to create a multifaceted system of sanatorium treatment and recreation in the region.

Tourism in Crimea is traditionally an integral part of state policy and an important part of the national economy.

Regardless of the forms of ownership and departmental subordination, the Crimean resort institutions in solving a common problem act as a single recreational complex that requires management and organizational and methodological support for control over the implementation of state guarantees to various contingents of the population, regulated by a number of legislative documents of the Russian Federation.

The main purpose of writing this work is to reflect the process of managing recreational activities in the Republic of Crimea. For this, the following tasks were set:

analyze the current state of recreational activities in the Republic of Crimea

analyze the state policy of the Republic of Crimea in terms of recreation

make suggestions for its possible modernization

1. The main characteristics of the tourist flow to the Republic of Crimea

In the conditions of the independence of the Republic of Crimea, the used methodology for counting tourists, which is based on an estimate of the number of arrivals in Crimea by rail, lost its relevance in 2014-2015 due to structural changes in passenger traffic: there was a reorientation of transport communication with the Republic of Crimea from the previously priority rail transport to air transport and ferries. Appropriate adjustments will be made to the method of counting tourists. In this connection, the comparison of the number of those who rested on the peninsula in the season of 2014 with the seasons of previous years in the current conditions of independence of the Crimea is incorrect.

According to the data provided by the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism of the Republic of Crimea in 2014, 4.78 million passengers arrived in the Republic of Crimea. Of the total number of passengers arriving in Crimea in 2014:

% arrived by railway transport,

% - by ferry crossing,

% - by air.

In 2013, 66% of all vacationers came to Crimea by train, 10% of tourists - by air and 24% - by road (including through the Kerch ferry crossing).

In previous years, the Republic of Crimea was visited annually by 6 million tourists. The dynamics of visits is shown in Figure No. 1

Rice. 1 Dynamics of tourist visits to the Republic of Crimea

It should be especially noted that 20% of all tourists are organized vacationers, the remaining 80% are tourists who prefer to stay in private mini-hotels and apartments.

The distribution of the flow of tourists in the Crimea is also not uniform. (Fig. 2). Among the regions, the greatest load is noted:

in the Yalta region - rest in the region is chosen by 34.8% of tourists,

in Alushta - 19.2%,

in Evpatoria - 19.2%,

in Feodosia-Sudak - 10.4%,

in Saki - 4.9%.

Rice. 2 Distribution of tourist flow in Crimea

The average duration of rest in the Crimea is 10-14 days.

The duration of the season in Crimea is 5 months a year (from May to September), of which the most active holiday season is in July-August.

The main purpose of staying in Crimea in most cases is a "beach" vacation - 55% of all tourists choose a "beach" vacation. For the purpose of recreation, entertainment and travel, 20% of tourists come to the resorts of the peninsula, for the purpose of treatment - about 25%.

The share of inbound tourism accounts for 34.4%, while in 2009 the share of foreign citizens in the total tourist flow of Crimea was 26.2% (Fig. 3)

Rice. 3 The ratio of tourist flows in the Republic of Crimea

According to the geography of tourist arrivals in Crimea in 2013, tourists from Ukraine dominated - 65.6% of the total tourist flow. 26.1% of the total tourist flow are citizens of the Russian Federation, 4% are citizens of Belarus (Fig. 4). The flow of tourists arriving from other foreign countries is distributed as follows: Turkish citizens - 34%, Baltic citizens - 15%, German citizens - 15%, British citizens - 10%, Israeli citizens - 7.5%, US citizens - 6% .

The most popular mode of transport (Fig. 5) for Crimean tourists is the railway - 66% of all vacationers come to Crimea by train, 10% of tourists arrive by air and 24% by road (including through the Kerch ferry crossing). At the same time, there is an increase in the number of tourists arriving by air. Air traffic in 2013 amounted to 604.4 thousand people, which is 7.7% more than in 2012 and 1.6 times more than in 2009 (Fig. 6)

Rice. 4 The structure of the tourist flow by geography of arrival in the Republic of Crimea

Rice. 5 Distribution of tourist flow by means of transport

Rice. 6 Air traffic for 2009-2013, thousand people

Every year, in the structure of the tourist flow by road, the share of tourists who arrived in Crimea by the ferry crossing "Crimea-Parom" accounts for about 28% - more than 350 thousand people arrive annually. However, already in 2014, there was an increase in passenger traffic through the ferry crossing (by 2-2.5 times).

1.1 Crimean accommodation facilities and tourist enterprises of Crimea

There are 825 sanatorium-resort and hotel establishments on the territory of the Republic of Crimea. Of these, 467 institutions provide specialized sanatorium treatment or health-improving services, the remaining 358 institutions provide temporary accommodation services.

Of the 467 Crimean health resorts, 151 institutions provide specialized sanatorium treatment, 316 facilities provide health-improving services.

From the standpoint of tourism development, the category of health resorts, which provide various health and medical services, is of particular interest. This category is represented by the following main types of accommodation facilities: sanatoriums, boarding houses with treatment, children's sanatoriums, hotels with treatment, medical rehabilitation centers, health centers, health centers, tourist and health complexes (Fig. 7).

In addition, from the standpoint of the development of tourism in the Republic of Crimea, the category of institutions providing health-improving services is of interest. This category consists of 224 objects (boarding houses, tourist and health complexes, tourist and health centers, hotels), which provide an initial consultation with a doctor, SPA services, diet programs, a beach, a swimming pool, a sauna, etc.

Rice. 7 Classification of Crimean accommodation facilities

In addition, there are 92 children's health camps in Crimea (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Distribution of children's health camps by regions of Crimea

There are also 31 children's sanatoriums separately. As a result, the total number of children's institutions in Crimea is 123.

According to the principle of year-round operation in Crimea, there are 315 year-round facilities (of which 128 are sanatorium-resort facilities), 510 seasonal facilities (of which 465 are sanatorium-resort facilities).

The territorial distribution of health resorts by regions of Crimea is as follows:

168 objects are located in the Yalta region,

in Feodosia - 112,

in Alushta - 107,

in Evpatoria - 103,

in the remaining 12 regions - 335 accommodation facilities (including the cities of Simferopol, Stary Krym and Sovetsky district).

A distinctive feature of the territorial location of specialized sanatoriums is their concentration in the Yalta region - 33 (44% of the total). At the same time, 70% of children's sanatoriums are concentrated in Evpatoria.

In the Crimean health resorts, broncho-pulmonary, neurological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, gynecological and other diseases are treated. In addition, there are 4,500 households providing temporary accommodation services and 14,000 landlords (private sector) on the territory of the Republic. The peculiarity of this sector is that it receives over 80% of the total tourist flow (more than 4 million tourists a year).

In Crimea, 208 tour operators carry out tourism activities. 1147 tourist escort specialists (tour guides and guide-interpreters) have been included in the register of tourist escort specialists. The database of excursion tours and routes developed by business entities includes about 200 routes.

In Crimea, there are 21 tourist information centers in 10 regions of the peninsula: Kerch, Saki, Simferopol, Yalta, in the Sudak, 9 Evpatoria, Feodosia regions, as well as in the Bakhchisaray, Chernomorsky and Leninsky regions. Of these, 11 are year-round.

1.2 The functioning of the beaches of the Republic of Crimea

The total length of the beaches of the Republic of Crimea is 517 km.

As of April 1, 2014, there are 560 beaches on the territory of the republic, of which, according to their functional purpose, 69 are medical (beaches of sanatoriums), 58 are recreational (beaches of other medical and recreational institutions), 71 are children's (beaches of children's health institutions), 332 - general purpose beaches, the functional purpose of 30 beaches is currently being determined (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9 Crimean beaches as of 04/01/2014

The largest number of beaches is located in the Yalta region - 123, Evpatoria region - 96, Alushta region - 87, Feodosia region - 77.

In 2013, 10 beaches on the territory of the republic received Blue Flag certificates from the Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), thereby confirming compliance with international requirements for safe and comfortable recreation.

1.3 Development of tourism in Crimea

The basis for the development of tourism is a special geographical position, a diverse climate (the climate of the southern coast of Crimea is a subtropical Mediterranean type) and a huge natural potential: the Black and Azov Seas, the Crimean Mountains, about 900 caves, the largest - Krasnaya, Marble, Uzundzha, Emine-Bair - Khosar, 1657 rivers and temporary streams with a total length of 5996 km, 30 natural lakes and 1554 artificial reservoirs, 15 waterfalls, the most significant of them Uchan-Su and Dzhur-Dzhur, 6 reserves (Crimean, Yalta mountain and forest, Cape Martyan, Karadag , Kazantipsky, Opuksky).

On the territory of the Republic of Crimea there are over 11.5 thousand monuments of history, culture and architecture belonging to various historical eras, civilizations and religions. There are 26 deposits of therapeutic mud and brine, more than 100 sources of mineral waters of various chemical compositions. In Crimea, there are 6 state reserves, 33 reserves (including 16 of national importance), 87 natural monuments (13 of national importance), 10 protected tracts, 850 karst caves (of which 50 are recognized by experts as suitable for arrangement and visiting tourists), mines , wells and more than 30 parks - monuments of landscape art of national and world significance.

The following types of tourism are developing in Crimea:

cultural and educational (there are 17 state museums in Crimea, more than 300 public and departmental museums. About 800 thousand exhibits are stored in the funds of state museums alone);

eventful (over 100 different festivals are held annually in Crimea: music and wine, military and choreographic, theatrical and cinematographic, sports and folklore. Many of them have already become traditional for Crimea - these are the festivals "War and Peace", "Kazantip", "Genoese Helmet", "Theatre. Chekhov. Yalta", "The Great Russian Word", the International Telekinoforum "Together" and others);

pedestrian (in the mountain-forest zone of Crimea there are 84 tourist sites, 39 places for mass recreation of the population, 284 tourist trails); eleven

cycling (an extensive network of tourist trails and rural roads create conditions for cycling. The most diverse for mountain biking is the South-Western Crimea);

autotourism (on the territory of Crimea there are more than 40 car camping sites, about 100 car parks and parking lots with a total number of places of more than 3.5 thousand, more than 250 gas stations, as well as more than 110 service stations and more than 210 roadside cafes);

underwater (local diving, dive cruises, training schools, children's camps with diving training);

equestrian (on the territory of Crimea there are more than 20 equestrian clubs, which have developed one- and multi-day horse riding routes for tourists);

ethnographic (representatives of 115 nationalities live on the peninsula, there are 92 ethnographic objects, on the basis of which cultural and ethnographic routes have been developed);

rural (there are more than 80 objects of rural tourism in Crimea);

sports (international competitions in hang gliding, hot air ballooning and others);

cruise (cruise ships in Crimea can be received by four seaports located in the cities of Yalta, Sevastopol, Kerch, Evpatoria. In 2013, a record number of cruise ships entered Crimea

144, which is 45% more than the number of ship navigation calls in 2012. The number of tourists amounted to 63,009 people (in 2012 - 62,984 people).

The traditional leader among the port cities of Crimea is Yalta, in 2013 108 ocean liners and 16 river-sea cruise ships were serviced).

There are 6 water parks on the territory of the Republic of Crimea:

Water park "Banana Republic" Aquaparkos "(Saki district)

Water park "Almond Grove" (Alushta)

Aquapark "Zurbagan" (Sevastopol)

Aquapark "Blue Bay" (settlement of Simeiz, B. Yalta) 12

Aquapark "Water World" (Sudak)

Aquapark "Koktebel" (p. Koktebel, Feodosia)

More than 100 festivals and events are held annually in Crimea. In addition to the already well-known ones - "Genoese Helmet", "War and Peace", "Jazz-Koktebel", more than 30 (holidays of the arts of peoples, crafts, culinary skills) are held during the "velvet season", which gathers large target audiences and is attractive factor

2. Features of tourism management

The relevance of the theoretical and sociological understanding of management in the tourism industry at the present stage is due both to the practice of functioning of the tourism industry, which is experiencing a growing need to systematize knowledge on the organization of the activities of tourism management entities, and the need to determine ways to improve tourism management, search for the optimal vector of development of the industry, taking into account the balance of interests all participants in the process: consumers, service providers, public authorities and local governments.

Management in tourism has a number of features due to the specific properties of the services provided by tourism organizations. As an integrated activity, tourism includes the activity of subjects of different levels and can be aimed at achieving different results. The issues of organizing effective interaction between the participants should be in the focus of attention of all subjects of tourism management interested in coordinating their actions and implementing joint programs for the development of the industry.

Firstly, the peculiarity of management in the tourism industry lies in the great depth of penetration and the complexity of the relationship between the constituent elements of the tourism industry: the management of many tourism organizations should develop a single management system that includes both regulatory activities by public authorities and self-government at the level firms and their associations.

Secondly, the specificity of management in the tourism industry is reflected in the fact that it is anthropocentric in nature - a person, with his needs, value system, mentality, appears as the core of this entire system. It is from this that the subjects of management in the industry should be repelled.

Thirdly, an equally important feature of tourism management is its seasonality. The supply of tourism services is characterized by inflexible production, they can only be consumed directly on the spot. A hotel, an airport, a recreation center cannot be moved to another region at the end of the season, they cannot adapt in space and time to a change in demand. This circumstance must be taken into account by the leaders of tourist enterprises, since fluctuations in demand can significantly worsen the conditions for the functioning of the entire tourist complex.

Fourthly, management in the tourism industry is distinguished by its two-level nature, the connection into a single system of two qualitatively different states of social reality - artificially planned and consciously organized activities of people in order to solve certain problems, and the emerging system of relations between participants in joint activities as relations of self-government and self-organization. This ratio of intentional and spontaneous components is the main social quality of the socio-cultural "body" of management. (Tikhonov, 2001)

Fifthly, special attention should be paid to taking into account such a feature as the non-primary nature of the tourist service. The tourism product is not a commodity, the demand for tourism services is extremely elastic in relation to the level of income and prices, and therefore the change in the purchasing power of the population affects tourism services, and timely receipt of information will allow adjusting the volumes and goals of management.

Sixth, it is the specificity of marketing in tourism. Marketing is more important for management in the tourism industry. The seller of a tourist service, not being able to present its sample, as is practiced when selling goods, must find an opportunity to demonstrate the advantages of its product - service, which can only be done with a well-established marketing system. The consumer, as a rule, cannot see the tourist product before its consumption, and the consumption itself is carried out directly at the place of production of the tourist service.

In addition, due to the variability of the quality of the service, subjectivity in the assessment, there is a need for its constant monitoring, that is, this management function is of particular importance. The same tourist trip can be evaluated differently by two different people. The tourist service itself is unique, it is not possible to repeat it in all aspects. In this regard, management in the tourism industry should be focused on creating a system for collecting, processing and disseminating information.

Seventh, the efficiency of the tourism industry does not appear immediately, as E. Sheremetyeva rightly notes, but with a time delay due to a long period of return on invested funds, and if the development goal is social in nature, then the effect will not be expressed in value form. (Sheremetyeva E, 2008)

The next, eighth, feature is that, due to the fact that the tourist environment, despite its social orientation, is predominantly commercial in nature, most of the subjects of the tourism business determine, of course, making a profit as the main goal of their activities. Therefore, in our opinion, it is especially important for management entities to realize those consequences, including economic ones, that may arise as a result of inefficient interaction between all representatives of the tourism market (for example, in case of late submission of documents for a visa, the entire package of tourist services may be canceled ; in case of a change in the flight schedule, the receiving party also makes changes). It is a personal interest in the effective organization of interaction between tourism management entities in the course of developing management decisions that can motivate tourism enterprises to seek mutually beneficial cooperation options, recognizing the priority of common interests over individual ones. A well-built, well-established and reliable network of communications between all partners allows each individual tourist market entity to protect itself, its consumers and partners from the instability of the external environment and crisis consequences.

Ninth, a feature of management in the tourism industry is dependence on the macro environment (natural, political and economic situation, force majeure), which, firstly, is reflected in the elasticity of demand; secondly, it emphasizes the need for trust in the provision of tourism services, since the relationship between all providers of individual services that make up an integral tourism product and service consumers is built precisely on trust, since the quality of the tourism product itself can only be assessed in the process of consumption.

Considering the tourism industry, it should be noted that it is one of the most risky activities in the provision of services, as a result of which the number of risk cases specific to tourism is increasing. The risk is present at all stages of the provision of tourist services and covers all subjects of the tourism industry. In the tourism industry, the risk of undesirable events and their negative consequences is especially high because the very nature of the provision of services is often associated with the stay of tourists in various exotic, extreme and unusual places for them, where it is difficult to foresee the presence of unfavorable factors for the health of tourists. In addition, when a large number of business partners (foreign tour operators, consular services, hotels, transport and excursion companies) interact, the coordination of their actions becomes more difficult, which also explains the significance and relevance of the “trust” category for the tourism sector.

Modern tourism is subject to the processes of globalization, which means the increasing interdependence of states and individual regions that form the world community, their gradual integration into a common system with common rules and norms of economic, political and cultural behavior for all, and therefore the question of increasing the level of trust between the subjects of management and strengthening partnerships is particularly relevant.

Globalization in tourism is characterized by a single information space for market entities, the presence of service consumers in different parts of the world, international representative offices of tourism business entities and product distribution channels, the location of production, taking into account the maximum possible realization of competitive advantages, the savings obtained from the international scale of activities, high costs for development of products and rapidly changing technologies, state regulation of the industry (introduction of uniform standards for the provision of services, stimulation and support of certain types of tourism, protection of consumer rights).

The market is saturated with offers of various directions and price levels. Local and international carriers compete in national markets. It should also be noted that the tourism industry is open to external influences that are beyond the control of the subjects of tourism activities. As a result, cooperation between them is actively developing in the form of coordination and integration of partners' interests for the implementation of joint projects and strengthening of market positions. In the future, competitive advantages will be provided only to those organizations in the tourism industry that will be able to compete on an equal footing for the consumer with foreign companies, both in the domestic and foreign markets.

Globalization gives rise to the interdependence of participants in the tourism market - today, a change in demand in the market of one country can stimulate or, on the contrary, restrain the market of another. This relationship explains the need to develop a system of measures aimed at giving the tourism industry stability. The categories of "trust" and "risk" begin to play a special role for tourism subjects, without which the industry cannot exist today.

Thus, the listed features of management in the tourism industry indicate that it is necessary to create a favorable climate for its functioning and development, and this is possible only with the close cooperation of all stakeholders - tourism organizations, consumers and the state, the implementation of state policy in relation to the tourism sector on based on its recognition not only as a promising economic sector, but also as a significant component of the social sphere, which implements a number of important social functions in its activities. These factors actualize the issue of the effectiveness of the functioning of the management system in the tourism industry. However, at present, as management analysis shows, this activity lacks consistency, management is characterized by fragmentation.

Intense competition for the consumer, globalization and integration of the tourism business pose a challenge for organizations of the world tourism industry to improve the methods of making and implementing decisions, increasing the efficiency of their activities, which can be conditionally divided into two categories: techniques aimed at increasing consumer demand, and organizational and management related to reducing investment risks by optimizing management and introducing new organizational forms of management (strategic alliances).

As Duran T.V. rightly points out, the jointness of productive activity makes it possible to compensate for the weaknesses of each individual subject, therefore, dependence on others for the implementation of joint activities can be called a compensatory relationship. The subject-subject relationship reflects the dependence of individuals on each other for various reasons: they either carry out common activities, although they perform different functions, or they exchange the results of activities (Duran, 2011)

Based on the foregoing, we can offer 3 theoretical models of interactions within the framework of the provision of tourist services:

A unilaterally directed model, characterized by the influence of one of the subjects of the tourism industry (consumer of services, public authority, subject of tourism activities) on others, in order to satisfy their interests;

Bilaterally directed asymmetric model, characterized by the interaction of two actors to achieve common goals, taking into account the interests of each other in the absence of coordination of interests on the part of the third;

Bilaterally directed symmetrical model, characterized by the interaction of these subjects of the tourism industry in the process of achieving common goals, taking into account the interests of each other.

The revealed features of management in the tourism industry lead us to the conclusion that a two-way symmetrical model makes sense in tourism, due to the understanding of the significance and necessary dominance of compensatory ties due to the interdependence of subjects. In practice, multidirectional actions and spontaneity of management prevail, resulting in bankruptcy of enterprises, their inability to withstand crises and force majeure situations, which entails the insecurity of consumers of services and violations of the law regarding the protection of their rights.

Of the theoretical models, three management models are encountered to a greater or lesser extent in practice.

The first model assumes the absence of central state administration, all issues are resolved locally based on the principles of market “self-organization”, i.e. decisions regarding the development of the industry are made on the basis of intuition, a single concept for the development of national tourism is not implemented, as a result of which the tourism sector develops spontaneously and unsystematically. The model of self-regulation was chosen by the United States in 1997, however, at present, the United States has revised the principles of state regulation of the tourism sector, recognizing that tourism is a significant component of the national economy, and it can successfully develop only with significant support from the state.

The second model provides for a strong and authoritative ministry that controls the activities of the industry based on the principles of partnership between the state and the tourism market. This model (“partnership”) assumes the recognition of the tourism sector as a significant sector of the national economy, provides significant state support for high growth rates of national tourism production.

The Central State Tourism Administration actively interacts with local authorities and private business. Another essential component of such a model is a clear division of state tourism administration into two branches. One branch deals with global issues of public administration: the regulatory framework for the industry, the processing of statistical information, the coordination of regional activities, and international cooperation at the interstate level. The second branch is marketing. Her competence includes everything that is necessary to create the image of the country abroad: participation in exhibitions, management of tourist offices abroad. To implement the partnership model, certain conditions are required: large financial investments in the tourism industry, investment in tourism infrastructure. The main purpose of such interaction is to reduce the role of the central executive in economic processes and reduce government spending by attracting financial resources (investment) from private business. In addition to tourism administrations and national tourism organizations, which usually include representative offices abroad, numerous industry associations have a significant influence on the regulation of the tourism business. The partnership model for many years has been costly, but effective, implemented in countries such as Spain, Italy, France (Saak, 2007)

The third model of organizing the management of the tourist complex - the "administrative model" - is the inclusion of management tasks at the level of central executive authorities in the competence of a diversified ministry. This model assumes the recognition of the tourism sector as a priority sector of the national economy. When implementing this model, it is very important to choose effective schemes for interaction between federal and local authorities. A chain of responsibility for the implementation of activities within the framework of federal programs for the development of tourism is developing vertically. In this case, the administrative levers of macroeconomic regulation prevail, namely laws, federal programs for the development of tourism, licensing, certification and other mechanisms for the legal regulation of the tourism business. An important role is also given to economic instruments: preferential taxation, government loans, and so on. The administrative model is common in a number of countries with high tourist attendance - Turkey, Egypt, Tunisia, China (Evdokimov, 2004)

The practice of world tourism confirms that no country is able to ensure the successful development of tourism without active and constant cooperation between the developers of legal acts and tourism business practitioners. The preparation of regulations for the development and regulation of tourism activities, carried out without prior scientific analysis, is also not optimal.

In modern conditions, given the reduction in tourist arrivals in Russia over the past years and the underdevelopment of the national tourism market, meaningful state intervention in the tourism business is, in our opinion, a necessary lever to improve the efficiency of the industry. In terms of the scale of international tourism, the federal structure and the method of organizing the tourism industry for Russia, the third management model is the most acceptable. At the same time, it should be taken into account that the interaction between the authorities, the private sector and associations - representatives of the tourism business has not reached European proportions either in public administration or in the field of marketing.

The tourism industry was one of the first to feel the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009. At the same time, the crisis revealed the predominance of the situational management model, the inconsistency of the actions of management participants and the weakness of planning, as well as the need for coordinated regulation of the industry by all management entities, since most of the tourism market suffered significant losses as a result of the current situation. Under such conditions, the stability of the functioning of the industry could be ensured only if a model of social partnership was built between all the subjects of management in the field of tourism services - public authorities, representatives of tourism organizations, their associations and consumers of services.

In the Russian tourism industry, most companies are not yet characterized by a systematic technological approach to brand management - spontaneous processes aimed at securing a firm in the market are increasingly characteristic, and therefore the current situation in the tourism industry requires the development of techniques and methods of management influences that are adequate new realities.

3. State management of tourism in the Republic of Crimea

Connections of factors of tourist demand and supply should be carried out by regulating the sphere of tourism and travel in the interests of the development of the country as a whole or the region.

The regulation of activities in tourism in most foreign countries takes place with the participation of the public and private sectors. The results of studies conducted by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) have shown the growing participation of private entities in the development of international tourism with their active support from the state.

Russia, despite its colossal tourism potential, occupies a very modest place in the global tourism market. It accounts for less than 1.5% of the world tourist flow. Among the tourist enterprises of the Russian Federation there are 350 foreign companies or companies with 100% foreign capital, which are mainly engaged in outbound tourism.

Objective and subjective economic and political circumstances in the last year have caused a reduction in the flow of tourists to the Republic of Crimea. To this should be added the instability of the development of domestic tourism in the Russian Federation. In particular, there is a demand for sanatorium-resort and tourist-excursion services in the Russian Federation, and the supply of these services has sharply decreased in recent years. The modern network of tourist establishments (1.4 million seats), together with sanatoriums, boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, is largely in need of reconstruction. The price level prevailing in the domestic tourism market is so high that it practically does not differ from the foreign offer. This largely determines the choice of consumers not in favor of domestic supply.

Targeted social tourism, carried out in the interests of people with low incomes, is practically disappearing. It involves the provision of state assistance and flourishes in many foreign countries. In particular, the clients of social tourism include, for example, schoolchildren, young people, pensioners, the disabled. According to domestic experts, over 80% of the country's population are potential consumers of social tourism in the Russian Federation.

Social tourism- travel, other tourist trips for the purpose of recreation, recreation, familiarization with the natural and cultural and historical heritage, sold to citizens of the Russian Federation at the price of a social tour or carried out independently and subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs.

social tour- the minimum required set of tourist services that does not exceed the basic standard of accessibility for citizens of the Russian Federation.

Basic social tour accessibility standard- a set of calculated indicators of the minimum required set of tourist services; is established by the Government of the Russian Federation in accordance with the provisions of this Federal Law.

Member of social tourism- a tourist who is a consumer of a social tour; organization of social tourism, public association, social movement as a set of public associations of participants in social tourism, educational institution for the training of specialists for the field of social tourism, research institution on the problems of social tourism.

Organization of social tourzma - a legal entity or an individual entrepreneur that forms, promotes and sells social tours on the basis of a license, provided that their implementation in the aggregate is at least 70% of all tourist services and the profitability rate when forming the price of a social tour does not exceed 10%.

The emergence of the noted negative circumstances is mainly due to the fact that at the present stage the market levers that ensure the further development of tourism are weak. Strengthening the actions of market levers is associated with the need to provide conditions for the priority development of domestic and foreign tourism in order to revive traditional tourism centers and develop new tourist areas. The weak action of market levers and the clearly insufficient social orientation in the tourism sector require active government intervention.

It is assumed that it is necessary to carry out state regulation in the global order in two main generalized directions.

First directionIt is connected with the adjustment of market self-regulation by drawing up plans (forecasts) and government programs, taking into account the rather high degree of spontaneity of the currently implemented ratios in the supply-demand systems for many important types of products and services.

Second directionensures the implementation of social programs and social orientation of the market economy. Market self-regulation without proper state intervention leads to: an increase in monopolization, an acceleration of the stratification of the country's population into rich and poor, a reduction in those industries that are not sources of instant profit (science, culture, art, healthcare, education, etc.).

Thus, state regulation in the field of tourism can be carried out by influencing the expansion of the tourism market and implementing appropriate social policies.

The state policy in the field of tourism activities in the Republic of Crimea is carried out by the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism of the Republic of Crimea.

The Ministry of Resorts and Tourism of the Republic of Crimea (hereinafter - the Ministry) is the executive body of state power of the Republic of Crimea, accountable, controlled and responsible to the Head of the Republic of Crimea and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea.

The Ministry pursues state policy and performs the functions of legal regulation, control in the sanatorium and resort and tourism industries, sectoral management in this industry, provides public services, manages state property, and also coordinates, in established cases, the activities of other executive bodies of state power of the Republic of Crimea in the health resort and tourism industry

The Ministry organizes, within its powers, the implementation of legislative acts and exercises systematic control over their implementation, summarizes the practice of applying legislation on issues within its competence, develops proposals for improving legislation and, in the prescribed manner, submits them to the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Crimea.

The impact on the expansion of the tourism market requires the development of a market strategy for promoting the tourism product. The strategy is the choice of a long-term optimal model of behavior in the tourism market, based on its characteristics. In any strategic approach, appropriate public and private sector influences are indispensable.

The influence of the Ministry is decisive in the formation of the organizational and economic mechanism for managing the Crimean tourism sector.

Specific tasks that can be attributed to state regulation are as follows:

making decisions on the development of organizational, economic and social policies in the field of tourism development, as well as preparing and adopting a plan for such development;

creation of conditions for solving the problems of social, targeted tourism;

development of programs for the development of the public and private sectors, taking into account the areas listed above;

ensuring effective investment of the public and private sectors;

ensuring constant control over the course and direction of tourism development, taking into account its prospects, both in the economy and in the social life of society.

The private sector, as a rule, is assigned the creation of tourist facilities and services (hotels, travel agencies, restaurants, commercial tourist facilities, etc.).

The federal law "On the Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation" defined the principles of state policy aimed at establishing the legal foundations for a single tourist market in the Russian Federation.

The state, recognizing tourism as one of the priority sectors of the Russian economy, is guided by the following principles:

) promote tourism activities and create favorable conditions for its development;

) determines and supports the priority areas of tourism activities;

) forms an idea of the Russian Federation as a country favorable for tourism;

) supports and protects Russian tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations.

At the same time, the main objectives of state regulation of tourism activities are:

) ensuring the right of citizens to rest, freedom of movement and other rights when traveling;

) environmental protection;

) creation of conditions for activities aimed at the upbringing, education and rehabilitation of tourists;

) development of the tourism industry that meets the needs of citizens when traveling;

) creation of new jobs;

) increase in incomes of the state and citizens;

) development of international contacts;

) preservation of objects of tourist display, rational use of natural and cultural heritage

The priority areas of state regulation of tourism activities are the support and development of domestic, inbound, social and amateur tourism.

Specific directions of state regulation of tourism activities are determined.

It is carried out by:

creation of regulatory legal acts aimed at improving relations in the tourism industry;

assistance in promoting the tourism product in the domestic and global tourism markets;

protecting the rights and interests of tourists, ensuring their safety;

standardization in the tourism industry, certification of a tourism product;

establishing rules for entering the Russian Federation, leaving it and staying on its territory, taking into account the interests of tourism development;

direct budget allocations for the development and implementation of federal targeted programs for the development of tourism;

tax and customs regulation; granting concessional loans, establishing tax and customs benefits for tour operators and travel agents engaged in tourism activities on the territory of the Russian Federation and attracting foreign citizens to engage in tourism;

promoting the staffing of tourism activities;

development of scientific research in the tourism industry;

promoting the participation of tourists, tour operators, travel agents and their associations in international tourism programs; provision of cartographic products.

Since the tourist receives a set of services provided to him in a certain place where the tourist event takes place, the activities of municipalities to support the provision of these services can be quite important, both at the local level and at the regional (interregional) level.

Tourist services are provided, as is known, in places representing the geographical area that tourists or market tour, segment choose for the purpose of travel. Such a territory contains all the facilities necessary for the stay, accommodation, food and leisure activities of tourists. There is thus a single market for the tourist offer, a competitive market unit.

The distribution of municipal tasks for the provision of tourism services can be as follows.

At the local level (at the level of settlements):

planning of the area for tourist events, infrastructural measures;

marketing (market offer of the area);

coordination of travel agencies;

information for tourists, their support;

organization of tourist leisure;

organization of tourist congress meetings.

At the regional and interregional level:

development of the region, tourism-regional planning, measures for the conservation of nature and culture;

market analysis, marketing concept development;

measures for the implementation of cooperation and the provision of interests in the joint services, departments;

professional consultations, organization of internal marketing;

work with the press, with domestic and foreign travel agencies, transport companies, organization of services by hotel and catering enterprises, tour operators and intermediaries.

The Ministry has developed a program for the development and reform of the recreational complex of Crimea 2014-2016. In accordance with this program, it is possible to single out the main directions for the development of tourism activities in the Republic of Crimea

List of used literature

1.Federal Law of November 24, 1996 No. 132-FZ "On the basics of tourism activities in the Russian Federation"

2.Avanesova G.A. Service activity: history and modern practice, entrepreneurship, management: Proc. allowance. - M.: Aspect Press, 2004. - 318 p.

.Balabanov I.T., Balabanov A.I. Economics of tourism: Proc. allowance. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. - 175 p.

.Bogolyubov V.S., Orlovskaya V.P. The economics of tourism. - 2nd ed. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 192 p.

.Butko I.I., Sitnikov E.A., Ushakov D.S. Tourist business: basics of organization. - ed. 2nd. - Rostov n / D .: Phoenix, 2008. - 384 p.

.Gorbyleva Z.M. The economics of tourism. Proc. allowance. - Mn.: Publishing House of BSEU, 2004. - 480 p.

.Gulyaev V.G. Tourism: economy and social development. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2003. - 304 p.

.Duran T.V. Theory of social management: textbook. allowance. Yekaterinburg: Publishing House Ural. Univ., 2011. -191 p.

.Durovich A.P. Organization of tourism: textbook. allowance / A.P. Durovich, N.I. Kabushkin, T.M. Sergeeva and others - Minsk: New knowledge. - 2003. - 632 p.

.Evdokimov K.A. Social institution of tourism in the context of the transformation of modern Russian society: dis. candidate of sociological sciences: 22.00.04 [electronic resource].

.Egorenkov L.I. Ecology of tourism and service: Textbook. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2003. - 208 p.

.Kvartalnov V.A. Tourism management. Tourism as an activity. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2002. - 288 p.

.Tourism Management: Tourism Economics: Textbook / V.A. Kozyrev, I.V. Zorin, A.I. Surin and others - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. - 320 p.

.Papiryan G.A. International economic relations. The economics of tourism. - M.: Finance and statistics, 2001. - 208 p.

.Tikhonov A.V. From the sociology of management to the sociology of tourism. Sotsiologicheskie issledovanija. 2001 No. 2.

.Saak A.E., Pshenichnykh Yu.A. Management in socio-cultural service and tourism: textbook. allowance. St. Petersburg: Peter, 2007.

.Savoyarov N. Help in overcoming the crisis // Tourism: Practice. Problems. Perspectives. - 2009. - No. 9. pp. 28 - 29.

.Ushakov D.S. Technology of outbound tourism: textbook. allowance. - Rostov n / a: March, 2005. - 384 p.

.Cherevichko T.V. The economics of tourism. - M.: Dashkov i Ko, 2010. - 364 p.

.Sheremetyeva E. Uglich can become a “Russian Davos” // Municipal authority. 2008. No. 4.

.Economics and organization of tourism: international tourism: Proc. allowance / E.L. Dracheva, Yu.V. Zabaev, D.K. Ismaev and others; ed. I.A. Ryabova, Yu.V. Zabaeva, E.L. Dracheva. - 3rd ed., Rev. and additional - M.: KNORUS, 2009. - 586 p.

For most countries of the world, including the Russian Federation, which has great potential for the growth of this industry.

However, Russian tour operators are experiencing some problems that have arisen in servicing tourists: the high cost of tours (due to the high cost of road transport), as well as an underdeveloped tourist infrastructure. In January-August 2015, 2 million 303 thousand tourists rested in Crimea.

Of the total number of vacationers who arrived in Crimea in January-August 2015: 47% - arrived by air, 42% - by ferry; 11% - arrived by other modes of transport which is 54% higher than in 2015. Of the total number of vacationers who arrived in Crimea in January-August 2016: 45% - arrived by air, 41% - by ferry; 14% - arrived by other modes of transport. Most tourists since the beginning of the year have rested on the Southern coast of Crimea - 41% of the total number of tourists who have rested since the beginning of the year in Crimea as a whole, on the Western coast of Crimea - 37%, on the Eastern coast of Crimea - 18%, in other regions - 4% . In January-August 2016, 10 million 2 thousand tourists rested in the collective accommodation facilities of Crimea. The peninsula has all the resources necessary for the development of the following types of tourism: - medical and recreational (on the territory of Crimea, 144 organizations provide tourists with special sanatorium and resort treatment); - cultural and educational (15 municipal and over 300 operating museums); - event (music, wine, military, stage, cinema, sports festivals are held every year); - pedestrian (in the mountain-forest zone of the peninsula there are 84 tourist sites, 26 zones for public entertainment of residents, 193 tourist trails); - cycling (an extensive network of tourist trails and rural roads creates conditions for cycling);

Underwater (local diving, dive - cruises, training schools, children's camps with diving training); - equestrian (more than 20 equestrian clubs with horse riding routes for tourists); - ethnological (about 115 nationalities live on the peninsula, 92 ethnographic objects are located, based on this, cultural and ethnographic routes have been developed); - sports (tournaments in hang gliding; yachting, yachts in the Crimea can be carried out by 4 seaports located in such cities: Yalta, Sevastopol, Kerch and Evpatoria). From this it follows that the prospects for the development of tourism in the Crimea are associated with the further development of infrastructure, the accelerated development of tourist centers with a specific, in contrast to the bathing and beach recreation, tourist product: diving and water sports (Tarkhankut, Mezhvodnoe), hang gliding and parachuting ( Koktebel), rock climbing, scientific, ethnic, agrotourism, etc. One of the exciting and promising trends in the development of tourism in the Crimea is wine tourism.

This type of tourism implies: acquaintance with the creation, consumption traditions, tasting and purchasing alcoholic beverages directly from the manufacturer in the region. Wine tourism includes: - familiarization of tourists with vineyards, agricultural wine-making organizations, tasting local grape varieties; - familiarization with the technology of production of alcoholic beverages directly during production; - acquaintance with the history of winemaking, national customs of consumption, visiting specialized museums and exhibitions; - visiting tasting rooms and cellars; - visiting restaurants offering wine tasting services; - participation in wine festivals and thematic holidays, which are already held in the squares and vineyards of Sevastopol; - participation in specialized exhibitions, forums, conferences, competitions, auctions, master classes, etc.

There is no place in the Russian Federation like Crimea, which has all the conditions for growing various varieties of grapes from which world-class wine and champagne can be made. Elite Crimean wines, in particular, Muscat white Red Stone, have repeatedly been winners of the most prestigious competitions in the world. The territories where grapes are grown, from which elite wines are produced, are considered extremely significant within the whole of Russia. In the near future, the state will stimulate wine producers not through direct investment, but by reducing the tax burden, providing preferential credit, as well as ensuring dignity over foreign wine merchants in domestic retail chains, which is why individual capital investments of firms from continental Russia may follow in the industry.

Despite all the positive aspects in the development of tourism in the Crimea, a number of problems can be identified that significantly affect this industry: - The state of infrastructure - a low level of development of the material base, outdated hotel stock, sanatoriums, rest houses, poor transport security, remoteness or isolation from the main transport network, low level of development of tourist infrastructure. - Social reasons - low income of the population, lack of real investment. - Political and scientific-technical conditions, as well as travel safety factors. All problems not only significantly impede the development of this field of activity, but also contribute to the massive outflow of income that tourism institutions bring to the state.

living and organizing.

In order to change the situation in the considered sphere of Crimea to positive development trends, it is necessary to:

1) modernization of the management of the sphere of use of coastal zone resources, i.e. give the coastal territories of the Crimean region the status of resort areas of state and local importance, as well as the restoration of recreational areas;

2) ensuring the continuity in the use of the tourist and recreational potential of the Republic of Crimea, which consists in equalizing the demand for resources of the coastal zone (it will allow to reduce stress from the most popular recreational areas and facilities and form the provision of additional resources for the development of the Republic of Crimea); 3) formation of a competitive tourist product that meets international quality standards, which will make it possible to avoid a gradual decrease in the competitiveness of the sanatorium resort and tourist complex;

4) increasing the duration of the active holiday season, which will increase the effectiveness of the use of the recreational potential of the territory, reduce seasonal fluctuations in income levels, employment, workload. Thus, the Crimean Peninsula has a great tourism potential, and if the proposed measures are implemented soon, the tourism industry in Crimea will develop and bring significant revenue to the state budget of the Republic and Russia as a whole, which will make it possible to increase the duration of the tourist season in the region and increase the tourist image Crimea.

List of sources used: 1. Official website of the Ministry of Resorts and Tourism of the Republic of Crimea [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/rus/info.php?id=608306. 2. Kharitonov D. Nikolskaya E.Yu. Actual problems of tourism development in the Republic of Crimea / D.Kharitonov, E.Yu.Nikolskaya // Journal of Innovative Science - 2015 - No. 121. - P.187-191 3. Novikov V.S. H731 Organization of tourism activities: a textbook for students. institutions of higher prof. education / V.S. Novikov. - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2013. - 336 p. - (Ser. Undergraduate)

Gnilitskaya T.I., Shcherbakova D.A., Abramova L.S.

The entry of Crimea into Russia, it seemed, should immediately solve many problems that existed at that time on the peninsula. The main problem was the further development and formation of the region. Here it was also clear that, perhaps, the most promising direction for the development of Crimea is tourism. Another thing is what tourism should be like, who will go to Crimea and why? What services are really provided to vacationers, and what are not.

The fact is that from the very collapse of the USSR and until the reunification of Crimea and Russia, there was a “shadowing” of the tourism economy. The private sector, which is beyond the control of the state, took the first place, remaining free from accounting not only by tax authorities, but also in terms of coordinating the services provided.

The sanatorium-and-spa aspect of Crimean tourism has been ruthlessly supplanted by unorganized beach tourism. The decline of tourism without investment and any state support continued until the spring of 2014.

Almost immediately after the reunification of Crimea with Russia, the situation began to change in a different direction: today already 80% of tourists stay in hotels and sanatoriums, and only 20% in private homes. This has not happened in the history of the Crimean peninsula for a long time, and this is due to the fact that sanatorium-resort institutions have concluded agreements on the direction of vacationers with state and corporate institutions of the Russian Federation. This step is only the beginning of the implementation of a targeted policy for the development of Crimea, the foundations of which are set out in the Strategy for the Development of Crimea until 2020.

It is known that the socio-economic indicators of Crimea upon entry into the Russian Federation did not reach the average Russian value. Unfortunately, with all the desire of Russia to change the situation on the peninsula for the better, there are certain deterrent factors. Chief among them is the instability of the socio-political situation in the border regions of Ukraine with Crimea. Therefore, there are certain risks for the development of international cooperation, the weakening of international and foreign economic relations. The insufficient provision of the region with vital resources, sources of water, energy, food, as well as the lack of good road and rail links with the mainland of Russia also have an effect.

It is clear that these problems are being addressed first of all. The transport accessibility of Crimea is changing due to an increase in the number of flights to Simferopol, state subsidies for paying for tickets from distant regions of the country.

So, for example, people flying on vacation from Yakutsk now spend about 12 or even 15 hours, including a transfer in Moscow. In the summer, direct flights will be organized, which will be dated by the state, as a result, the average ticket price from Yakutsk will be equal to 8.5 thousand rubles, and the flight time will be reduced to 8 hours. The number of Russian major cities will increase, from which direct flights to Crimea will fly.

It is worth noting that all problems must be solved in a comprehensive manner. So, in the transport complex, all funds are now concentrated on the construction and reconstruction of the crossing through the Kerch Strait, airports and highways. It is they who provide communication with settlements and industrial facilities of the peninsula. And it is already yielding results. It is already possible to quickly and relatively inexpensively move around the Crimean peninsula. The roads have been put in order, and this work continues successfully.

In the engineering complex, funding will be directed to measures to ensure water supply, sanitation, bank protection and heat supply, as well as ensuring the treatment of solid domestic waste. The development of the social sphere provides for the implementation of measures for the construction and reconstruction of healthcare and education facilities.

Another very important aspect. Prior to the entry of Crimea into Russia, the peninsula received tourists from Ukraine. It was a purposeful policy of the authorities, who did not burden themselves with unnecessary spending and attracting investments in a dilapidated and obsolete infrastructure.

Accordingly, the entire service of the peninsula was extremely low and unprofitable. There were no foreign tourists there either. All this makes itself felt even now. So, when you go to have a bite to eat with local dumplings, you can see flies flying over them. In response to your indignation, you can hear the familiar Ukrainian: “Let it be so.” By the way, the staff in hotels and cafes is still Ukrainian. The low level of service and the lack of conditions repelled all hypothetical tourists from resting in the Crimea.

Although today tourists from Russia have already filled vacant places in hotels, in 2013 they were 26% of the total number of tourists, but in 2014 it was 93%. In 2015, the figure increased to 95% and is aiming for 100%.

With the change in the component of vacationers, their priorities also change. If for Ukrainians the main and main criterion was the price, then for wealthy tourists from Russia, perhaps, the level of service and service will become an important argument for a holiday in Crimea. The reality is that the Russians, resting for many years in Turkey and Egypt, are accustomed to the world level of service. They are willing to pay a high price for a tour and get a better and more professional product.

There is also such a problem that tourists from Russia will not be satisfied with even very cheap services of inadequate quality. The sooner tourism enterprises and private firms catch on to this trend, the more successful niche they will be able to fill.

To date, the range and quality of services provided in the Crimea are significantly behind the world level. This reduces the competitiveness of this region in the international tourism market.

The main problem for the peninsula is the seasonality of tourism. For hotels and similar establishments, the season is only three months, and for health-improving complexes, five months. Only less than 40% have a year-round activity. There is also an imbalance in the distribution of healthcare facilities in Yalta and Evpatoria. All this speaks of an unfavorable situation in the health sector. A change in this situation, perhaps, will just solve the issue of seasonality in Crimea.

There is also such a direction of tourism in Crimea as extreme travel and camping tourism. On the territory of Crimea there are about 38 campsites, which are essentially tent camps. They have a minimum set of amenities, which budget European tourists are also not ready for.

There is one more problem of the Russian Crimea - this is the labor force. Most tourism-related businesses cannot maintain year-round attendants. Previously, Ukrainian seasonal workers were invited to work in the Crimea during the holidays. Now the difficulties of a political nature have practically closed this opportunity for them.

Today in Russia there is a certain Strategy for the development of tourism for the period up to 2020. Its main provisions are:

Increasing the independence of the Federal Tourism Agency; can be noted bet on the marketing component. It is also necessary to strengthen the presence of Russian travel companies in the international market. The state wants to provide a large tourism business operating for the domestic market with maximum support, for example, in the form of a more loyal tax policy;

Closer interaction between the ministries of culture, education and foreign affairs through the association of representatives of these departments in the inter-ministerial committee on tourism. Within this structure, it is proposed to create working groups that can most effectively solve the difficulties that have arisen;

Close interaction with business and the entrepreneurial environment through the creation of the Tourism Sector Association. This structure in a bilateral discussion between representatives of the Federal Agency for Tourism and the largest entrepreneurs in the field of tourism on an annual basis will be able to coordinate each other's activities, making proposals and sharing opinions;

Emphasize continuous market research, travel trends and latest developments. To do this, a large research organization should be created - the Institute for Tourism Research on the basis of the Federal Office for Tourism, which will supply state structures with the most up-to-date information.

The development of ecological tourism in the region deserves special attention. It is necessary to develop a unified concept for the creation and implementation of green routes, including a certain set of measures:

Development of a network of green routes on the territory of the objects of the natural reserve fund with the presence of the main and related infrastructure that meets the principles of the "green economy".

Assistance in the development of cooperation between tourism business entities and specialized public organizations in organizing ecological tours and expeditions.

Implementation of a monitoring system for ensuring the quality and environmental friendliness of tourist, recreational and hotel services.

Creation of a network of tourist information centers on the territory of the objects of the natural reserve fund to perform the functions of environmental education.

It should also be noted that the problems of tourism development in the Crimea are not unique and difficult to overcome. There is a wide international experience that needs to be studied and implemented, adapting it to local realities.