In the spring of 2010, the whole world watched the powerful eruption of an Icelandic volcano with the unusual and fabulous name Eyjafjallajokull. It became one of the most powerful in modern human history; scientists are still discussing the consequences of this natural phenomenon.
Iceland
This island state is often called the ice kingdom; it is located between Greenland and Norway in close proximity to the Arctic Circle. The bulk of Iceland lies on a volcanic plateau, so earthquakes and eruptions are common here. Despite its geographical location, the climate in the region is by no means arctic, but moderately cool, with strong winds and high humidity.
Despite the harsh nature, very positive and friendly people live here. Icelandic hospitality is known throughout the world. Every year thousands of tourists come to these harsh lands to get acquainted with the unique nature and, of course, see the most famous volcano in Iceland - Eyjafjallajokull. After 2010, the flow of people wishing to witness this wonder of the world with their own eyes has increased noticeably.
Historical reference
Iceland is located at the junction of two continental plates, the Eurasian and North American, and is considered the country with the largest number of geothermal springs, lava fields, ice and volcanoes. There are more than a hundred of them, and twenty-five are active. The most popular volcanoes among tourists are Laki and Hekla; they have almost a hundred craters and represent a unique sight.
But in 2010, the whole world learned about another attraction of Iceland - the Eyjafjallajokull volcano. Photos of lava erupting from under the glacier spread all over the world news feeds; perhaps this event would not have been so popular in the media if it were not for the problems with air travel that arose in most of Europe.
Eyjafjallajökull is a stratovolcano whose cone is formed by layers of hardened lava and rock left behind after numerous eruptions. Officially, this is not a volcano, but a glacier, the sixth largest on the island, located 125 kilometers from the capital of Iceland, Reykjavik. The height of the peak is 1666 m, the area of the volcanic crater is 3-4 km, until 2010 it was hidden under a thick layer of ice. The previous eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano occurred from 1821 to 1823, and for two hundred years it was considered dormant.
Preceding circumstances
Almost a year before the main events, the glacier was already showing signs of high activity. In 2009, at a depth of seven kilometers, scientists noticed seismological tremors of 1-2 magnitude. They continued for several months, and even a shift of the cortex of 3 cm was recorded.
The activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano worried the authorities in the region, they took the necessary measures to resettle local residents, and the nearest airport was closed. People were primarily afraid of flooding, since the glacier could begin to melt under the influence of the earth's heat.
Scientists have been monitoring activity in this area for a long time, so casualties were avoided. In total, more than 800 people left the disaster zone. After the investigation, the possibility of flooding was ruled out and some residents returned to their homes.
Chronicle of events
On March 20, 2010, in the late evening, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano began to erupt. Smoke and ash poured out from a fissure that appeared in the glacier; the first emissions were small and did not reach a height of more than one kilometer. After five days, activity decreased significantly. The reason was that melted water poured into the crater and partially extinguished the fire.
But on March 31, a new crack formed, and for several days lava flowed abundantly from two holes at once. As it turned out, this was just the beginning. On April 13, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull was once again shaken by tremors, as a result of which a new crack appeared at a distance of 2 km, and a column of smoke rose to a height of eight kilometers. On the fifteenth and sixteenth of April, this figure was already 15 km, and volcanic ash reached the stratosphere, from where the substances are already spreading over long distances.
Closure of air traffic in Europe
The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull will go down in 21st century history thanks to the massive consequences of its eruption. Due to its activity, air traffic in dozens of countries was suspended. Companies suffered losses, thousands of passengers huddled in air terminals and in the homes of caring people.
Events in Iceland had a major impact on the revision of some laws and regulations governing air travel in such situations. Many companies said that the computer program that calculates the risks of flying in the ash zone is questionable, and they also accused the heads of European countries of deliberately exaggerating the problem and being helpless when making important decisions.
Consequences
In addition to economic damage, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland has caused serious environmental damage. In the first three days, about 140 million cubic meters of dust were released into the atmosphere. When an eruption occurs, along with particles of earth rocks, ash and ash are released into the air, a huge amount of suspended particles or aerosols are released. The danger of such a substance is that it quickly spreads over long distances and has a detrimental effect on the composition of the atmosphere, absorbing part of the solar radiation.
Although geophysicists and meteorologists did not support the general panic that flared up on the pages of some newspapers. According to scientists, the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull was not so powerful that the emissions could somehow lead to climate change, or at most affect the weather. Thus, long and thick clouds were observed many thousands of kilometers from the island, even in Russia.
Ash Spread
The progress of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption was recorded from space, and daily meteorological services forecast the movement of the dust cloud. In mid-April 2010, ash covered more than half of Europe and some regions of Russia. Officially, Roshydrometcenter has not confirmed the assumption that particles of dust and volcanic matter have reached the territory of our country. True, eyewitnesses claim that the ashes could be easily detected with a sheet of paper placed on the windowsill.
The ejected dust consisted of fine-grained, volatile tephra, some of which settled near the vent and on the glacier, but the bulk of which rose into the air. However, experts assured the public that the gases released into the atmosphere do not pose a serious threat to humans.
Only almost a month after the events began, the media of all countries reported that the Eyjafjallajokull volcano had finally ceased its activity. The 2010 eruption was remembered primarily not for its uniqueness, because similar things happen on earth all the time, but for the increased attention to this event in the news and newspapers.
The Eyjafjallajokull volcano in Iceland, whose photos appeared on the covers of many publications seven years ago, has a special history. Such a complex name comes from combining three words at once, meaning mountain, glacier and island. And in fact, the name belongs to the glacier, under which the volcano was located for a long time. In connection with the events of 2010, linguists from different countries became interested in the origin and meaning of the toponym, trying to determine the exact meaning of the word.
After the hype surrounding the Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption subsided, the scientific world started talking about another possible problem that could lead to much greater consequences. We are talking about Mount Katla, which is located just 12 km from the epicenter of the underground explosion in 2010. Research by geophysicists confirms that each previous activity of Eyjafjallajokull preceded the eruption of the much more powerful and destructive volcano Katla. Therefore, scientists have suggested that the events of seven years ago may turn out to be the beginning of a more grandiose catastrophe in the future.
There are still many places in this region where nature can bring surprises. So, a few hundred kilometers away is the only active volcano in Norway. Eyjafjallajökull and Berenberg (translated as “Bear Mountain”) are similar in structure and physical characteristics. The northernmost volcano in the world was also considered extinct for a long time, but in 1985 a strong eruption was recorded.
Reflection in culture
Today, the story of seven years ago on the distant island of Iceland has been somewhat forgotten, but at that time this event made a strong impression on many, because it is not every day that you can see a real volcano erupting live. Society reacted differently to the event. Videos appeared on the Internet in which people tried to pronounce the unusual name, and people wrote jokes on this topic.
The National Geographic Channel made a documentary film telling about the events of the spring of 2010, and the plots of some feature films are related to the Icelandic volcano, for example, the French film “Volcano of Passions” and some episodes of the American film “The Story of Walter Mitty”.
Perhaps the sweetest note to the craze for the Icelandic natural phenomenon was brought by a native of this country, singer Elisa Geirsdottir Newman. She composed a playful song about Eyjafjallajökull, which helps people learn how to pronounce the exotic name correctly.
In Iceland, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano has awakened after a 200-year hibernation. The eruption began on March 21, 2010 and was so powerful that the country declared a state of emergency and evacuated hundreds of residents of nearby settlements.
On April 14, a new eruption began, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere. The next day, a dozen European countries were forced to completely or partially close their airspaces - in particular, flights were canceled at the airports of London, Copenhagen and Oslo.
Eyjafjallajokull means "Island of Mountain Glaciers". The volcano is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik between the Eyjafjallajokull and Myrdalsjokull glaciers. These are the largest ice caps in the south of the northern island country, covering active volcanoes.
The Eyjafjallajökull volcano is a cone-shaped glacier, the sixth largest in Iceland. The height of the volcano is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where volcanic eruptions occur quite often. This country contains almost all types of volcanoes found on Earth. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.
Since many of Iceland's volcanoes are covered by glaciers, they are often flooded from below. The tongues of glaciers break from their places, releasing millions of tons of water and ice that destroy everything in their path.
It was out of these fears that Iceland took such serious security measures after the Eyjafjallajokull awakening in 2010. In particular, after its March eruption, traffic on nearby roads was stopped and residents were evacuated. Local authorities feared that volcanic lava would melt the glacier and cause severe flooding.
However, after research, experts came to the conclusion that the eruption does not pose a threat to local residents. A few days later, authorities allowed people to return to their homes.
Volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption; they saw that the crack from which the lava comes out is about 500 meters long. In addition, the filming was carried out from the air. Many were published on the popular video portal YouTube.
Icelandic scientists have been monitoring the volcano for a long time, tracking signs of seismic activity. In their opinion, the eruption may last about another year or even two. The last eruption of Eyjafjallajokull was recorded in 1821. Then it lasted until 1823 and caused a threatening melting of the glacier. In addition, due to the high content of fluorine compounds (fluorides) in its emissions, it created a threat to health, namely the bone structure of people and livestock.
If the current eruption continues for this long, the airspace over Europe will have to be closed and opened periodically, depending on the activity of the volcano, warns Professor Bill McGuire, an expert at the center for the study of natural disasters at University College London.
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In Iceland, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano has awakened after a 200-year hibernation. The eruption began on March 21, 2010 and was so powerful that the country declared a state of emergency and evacuated hundreds of residents of nearby settlements.
Russia 1
In Iceland, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano has awakened after a 200-year hibernation. The eruption began on March 21, 2010 and was so powerful that the country declared a state of emergency and evacuated hundreds of residents of nearby settlements.
On April 14, a new eruption began, accompanied by the release of a huge amount of ash into the atmosphere. The next day, a dozen European countries were forced to completely or partially close their airspaces - in particular, flights were canceled at the airports of London, Copenhagen and Oslo.
Eyjafjallajokull(Eyjafjallajokull) means "Island of mountain glaciers". The volcano is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik between the Eyjafjallajokull and Myrdalsjokull glaciers. These are the largest ice caps in the south of the northern island country, covering active volcanoes.
The Eyjafjallajökull volcano is a cone-shaped glacier, the sixth largest in Iceland. The height of the volcano is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where volcanic eruptions occur quite often. This country contains almost all types of volcanoes found on Earth. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.
Since many of Iceland's volcanoes are covered by glaciers, they are often flooded from below. The tongues of glaciers break from their places, releasing millions of tons of water and ice that destroy everything in their path.
It was out of these fears that Iceland took such serious security measures after the Eyjafjallajokull awakening in 2010. In particular, after its March eruption, traffic on nearby roads was stopped and residents were evacuated. Local authorities feared that volcanic lava would melt the glacier and cause severe flooding.
However, after research, experts came to the conclusion that the eruption does not pose a threat to local residents. A few days later, authorities allowed people to return to their homes.
Volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption; they saw that the crack from which the lava comes out is about 500 meters long. In addition, the filming was carried out from the air. Many were published on the popular video portal YouTube.
Here is one of such filming - a sight that is bewitchingly beautiful and terrifying at the same time.
Icelandic scientists have been monitoring the volcano for a long time, tracking signs of seismic activity. In their opinion, the eruption may last about another year or even two. The last eruption of Eyjafjallajokull was recorded in 1821. Then it lasted until 1823 and caused a threatening melting of the glacier. In addition, due to the high content of fluorine compounds (fluorides) in its emissions, it created a threat to health, namely the bone structure of people and livestock.
Eyjafjallajökull is a volcano in Iceland, located under the glacier of the same name, the name of which only 0.005 percent of the world's population can pronounce. In 2010, the small northern country of Iceland decided to remind Europeans of its existence. And she did it in such a way that the message was impossible to ignore.
The excessive activity of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano and the powerful release of ash into the atmosphere led to the cancellation of tens of thousands of flights. This eruption can rightfully be considered one of the most remarkable events of the past year.
For two hundred years now, Eyjafjallajökull has been considered fast asleep. Its previous eruption was recorded between 1821 and 1823. – Over the course of two years, the volcano caused enormous damage to the surrounding area. However, Icelanders are accustomed to such disasters. There are several active volcanoes on the island, which periodically remind of their existence. So the Eyjafjallajökull eruption did not throw the local population into panic; on the contrary, it provoked a real tourism boom. People from all over the world came to admire the impressive spectacle.
In fact, the volcano that attracted so much attention from tourists to Iceland did not even have its own name. Previously, the Eyjafjallajökull glacier was known, located 125 km from Reykjavik and hiding a conical volcano underneath it. For simplicity, they began to call him by the same name. Eyjafjallajökull translated into Russian literally means “glacier of the island mountains.” The height of the peak is 1666 meters, and the diameter of the crater, which was hidden under ice for many years, is 4 km.
Naturally, scientists monitored Eyjafjallajökull, but could not predict the full scale of the upcoming eruption. The volcano located 12 km to the east, Katla, has always attracted much more attention from scientists. In the 20th century it was particularly active. Consequently, it was popular among tourists visiting the island.
All types of travel are available to exotic lovers in Iceland: car, walking, and helicopter excursions by air. Only from above can one fully appreciate the power of volcanoes. In addition to evidence of the Earth's fiery breath, Iceland is famous for its rivers, waterfalls and geysers. Getting to know them is included in the mandatory tourist program. At the foot of the Eyjafjallajökull glacier is the village of Skógar and the country's most visited waterfall, Skógafoss, on the Skógau River. Famous tourist routes pass by it, leading to the Fimmvurduhauls pass between the Eyjafjallajökull and Myrdalsjökull glaciers.
Photo of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland.
RUBRIC: THE MATRIX
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland has almost every type of volcano found on Earth. Actually, the country is one big “Vulcanland”. Icelandic volcanoes, overflowing with magma, can emit much larger volumes than their continental cone-shaped brothers. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.
The Eyjafjallajokull volcano, translated as “Island of Mountain Glaciers,” is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik. The volcano is topped by a cone-shaped glacier, the fifth largest in Iceland. Its height is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
The last eruption in this area occurred in 1821-1823, and before that in 1612.
ERUPTION - WRATH OF THE EARTH!
The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull woke up after 200 years of hibernation on March 21 this year. A violent eruption of a huge cloud of volcanic ash, rising to a height of 6 km, thanks to sunny weather, began on the night of April 14.
On Saturday, the 15th, a column of ash became visible above the volcano - a thick dark gray cloud 8.5 kilometers high. The wind improved visibility in the area of the ongoing eruption, and experts were able to assess the situation from the air for the first time in recent days.
The hot magma changed course and began to flow underground right in the area of the glacier, volcanologist Sigurún Hansdóttir, who, together with her colleagues from the University of Iceland, observed the activity of the volcano over the past three months, told reporters. The mixture of magma and ice is explosive, causing continuous explosions at the bottom of the crater. The ashfall layer is up to 3 cm. Volcanic ash is solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 microns. The volcano releases poisonous gases, the evaporation of which people may not even notice. Now the volcano releases sulfur, fluorine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The last of these is odorless and is a deadly gas.
Thousands of hectares of land east of the crater are covered in a thick layer of ash.
For now, it is impossible to study what is happening with Eyjafjallajokull in close proximity. Scientific equipment cannot be delivered to the site, as the ash cloud prevents them from approaching the crater. It is not known exactly how much emitted substances enter the atmosphere. During the day, according to experts, approximately four million tons of volcanic substances are released.
Nevertheless, brave volcanologists were able to come within a few meters of the crater and film the eruption. They saw that the crack from which the lava comes out is about 500 meters long.
On the 15th, Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland, noted that the volcano had intensified its activity.
Scientists will try to fly around the crater to find out how much ice has melted on it. This determines how long the volcano will spew out ash. These data are provided by the Republican Center for Radiation Control and Environmental Monitoring from the London Advisory and Calculation Center. Information is updated every six hours.
Stormy correspondence began on the Internet - the Earth is angry with people and sends them a warning - come to your senses, live peacefully, destroy weapons, stop destroying nature, get rid of the unforgivable sins of murder, greed and pride!
AIRPLANES - THREATS
Once they enter the combustion chamber of the engine, they melt and solidify again in the cold parts, which can disrupt the operation of the turbine.
Ash, a mixture of glass, sand and rock particles, is extremely dangerous for aircraft engines, especially jet engines.
Volcanic ash consists of glass particles less than 2 millimeters in size, explains aircraft engineer Igor Vasenkov. - The particles are very hard. They act on parts like an abrasive. First, the compressor elements are damaged. They melt in combustion chambers, clogging them. And they further stick to the turbine blades. The engines may eventually stop. Peroclast, so-called glassy substances, which are present in the ash, are dangerous for working mechanisms.
In addition, large amounts of ash are deposited on the wings and fuselage of the aircraft. The third big danger is that the Icelandic volcano is basaltic, and during its eruption a significant amount of sulfur and chlorine is released. Sulfur, as a low-melting element, when mixed with hot parts of an aircraft, forms a mass that can even disrupt the movement of turbine blades.
The trajectory of the volcanic eruptive cloud coincides with the trajectory of the air corridors of aircraft movement. Therefore, airports were obliged to stop flights, as the situation could lead to disruptions in aircraft operations and airliner crashes.
If the wind direction had been north, then, by and large, no one except specialists would have noticed this eruption.
"This fine dust is a very nasty thing," Stuart John, a professor at the Royal Academy of Engineering and former chairman of the Royal Society of Aeronautics, told the BBC. "It clogs the cooling air vents and the engines stall."
PLANES - COLLAPSE
A transcontinental transport collapse occurred.
On April 15, a number of countries in northern Europe were forced to close airports due to emissions. And not by chance. The Finnish Air Force's F-18 Hornet fighters were disabled after flying through a cloud of volcanic ash and dust shortly before Europe closed its airspace.
In the first days, according to the European Commission, the airline crisis affected over 10 million passengers; In the future, this number may grow exponentially.
Later, airports in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries and China were closed.
PROSPECTS
“The eruption may stop tomorrow, but it could continue and disrupt normal air transport for several more weeks or even months, or even years,” said Magnus Tumi Gudmundsson, a professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland.
A volcano can paralyze half the Earth.
The Russian World Wildlife Fund (WWF) warns that the spread of the ash cloud could lead to cooling on earth for two to three years, after which a sharp warming of temperatures will occur.
In addition, ash particles suspended in the air interfere with the passage of sunlight to the surface of the earth, which can greatly affect future harvests by slowing down plant growth. But volcanic ash is an excellent fertilizer for the soil.
70 thousand years ago in Indonesia, the eruption of the super-volcano Toba almost killed the then wild humanity. The ash thrown into the air enveloped the entire planet and triggered the process of global cooling. According to scientists, no more than 15 thousand ancestors of modern man survived, who laid the foundation for our entire civilization.
The eruption of Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 resulted in a decrease in average global temperatures by 3 degrees Celsius. In the following year, there was no summer in both Europe and North America, notes Alexey Kokorin, head of the climate program of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Russia.
The ash cloud from the Krakatoa volcano, which exploded in 1883, circled the Earth twice. And for several years throughout the planet, the average temperature dropped by several degrees.
The mechanism of “volcanic winter” is this: when the concentration of ash particles in the atmosphere is high, they become a screen - they reflect the sun’s rays and prevent them from heating the air.
In this case, another negative factor that can affect not only Iceland is the appearance of the so-called ash fall, as a result of which vast areas can be covered with a layer of ash. Forecasters predict that the ash could spread not only to the European part of Russia, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also further.
Icelandic geophysicist Einar Kjartansson says: "It is quite possible that ash emissions will continue at a similar intensity for several days, or even several weeks. However, whether this will interfere with transport will depend on the weather, on which direction the wind will blow ash"…
Alexey Kokorin is confident that the volcanic eruption in Iceland will slow down the rise in temperature in the world, for several years at once, but then a sharp warming will begin. After all, it will not reduce the anthropogenic increase in CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.
WILL HEKLA VOLCANO REVOLT?
Icelandic volcanologists have proposed an even more frightening scenario: the activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano could awaken a larger volcano located next door. If Eyjafjallajokull continues to erupt for at least another month, it is very likely that its magma will fall into the craters of its “big neighbor” Katla, which is located somewhat to the east. “Katla volcano has been unusually quiet in recent decades. Therefore, we would not be surprised if an eruption much more powerful than what we are seeing now occurs in the near future. This will lead to real chaos,” said volcanologist Hansdottir
TAKE CARE OF YOUR HEALTH!
The UK Ministry of Health recommends that citizens not leave their homes - particles of volcanic mud have already begun to fall on the country.
WHO officials said they do not know for sure whether the ash poses a threat to public health. However, WHO spokesman David Epstein suggested that the microscopic particles of volcanic ash are potentially dangerous as they could cause problems in people with lung disease.
Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkady Tishkov believes that there is nothing terrible in the eruption for Russia. Yes, emissions from the volcano entered the atmosphere, and they will affect the climate, and if they fall to the ground in the form of precipitation, they will weakly oxidize the rain and cause problems for people with diseases of the respiratory system and digestion. Tishkov says: “Acid rain may occur locally, but in the capital there are rains with higher acidity.” According to Tishkov, if Moscow falls into the zone of volcanic emissions, then it is necessary to use masks and carry out wet cleaning.
Scientists also fear that the cloud of volcanic ash, which has already covered Europe and paralyzed air traffic in a large part of it, may pose a danger to wildlife. As explained by specialists from the Institute of Geosciences at the University of Iceland, the cloud contains large concentrations of fluorite, a mineral that is used, in particular, in metallurgy and the chemical industry, as well as in ceramic production. This substance can be extremely dangerous for animals.
VULCANOPSYCHOSIS
“The cloud just spread to densely populated areas of Europe, which is why there is so much attention to this active volcano. We had more powerful volcanic eruptions in Kamchatka, but there was no such discussion or excitement - cloud emissions occurred in sparsely populated areas or in the oceans,” Tishkov said.
According to Tishkov, what is happening now in Europe cannot be called panic in the full sense of the word, but we can already talk about “a certain psychosis.”
According to Tishkov, although the volcano, in addition to ash, also emits toxic gases - chlorine-containing, sulfur, ammonia gases, they can only affect the immediate surroundings.
“There shouldn’t be any apocalyptic sentiment, this is an absolutely ordinary event,” Tishkov said. “This is not the most powerful volcano, and the emissions were in relatively low layers of the atmosphere.”
DO NAKED WOMEN CAUSE VOLCANO ERUPTIONS?
One of the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Kazem Sediqi, said during traditional Friday prayers in Tehran that “debauchery and vicious attire give rise to earthquakes, eruptions and other natural disasters.”
According to the opposition newspaper Aftab-e Yazd, Sediqi said: "Many women dress in a way that shows off their assets. This leads to youth straying from the true path, sullying their chastity, initiating extramarital sex in society, which leads to an increase in the frequency of earthquakes . Disasters are the result of human actions. We have no choice but to turn to Islam for protection from all these misfortunes.
NORWEGIAN PILOT BELIEVES PARANOIA IS AVAILABLE
This is stated in an interview with the Norwegian Daglbladet with an experienced Norwegian aviation pilot Per-Gunnar Stensvåg from the polar Tromso. A pilot with 35 years of experience believes that the organizations that closed air traffic over Europe are paranoid and the flights are not in danger.
“We often get “black snow” in eastern Norway from industrial emissions in Germany, but we continue to fly,” says Siensvåg. The pilot does not see anything terrible or threatening in air pollution from volcanic ash.
FINANCE SINGS ROMANCE
A volcano with a difficult name has caused conflicts in travel companies. Travelers are demanding a refund. However, most often they receive refusals - sorry, force majeure.
The same opinion is shared by Rospotrebnadzor of Russia: the head of the Consumer Rights Protection Department O. Prusakov confirmed that tourists whose flight was impossible due to the eruption of the Icelandic volcano cannot demand a refund from the tour operator for unused days in hotels, since the change tour dates occurred due to the occurrence of force majeure.
Airlines suffered billions of dollars in losses.
A BLOW TO THE ECONOMY OF THE “GOLDEN BILLION”
First of all, global corporations and cartels will suffer, transporting cargo that is especially valuable to them, the safety of which can be most firmly ensured by air transportation. Weapons, drugs, precursors, raw materials and equipment for them, antiques, money, securities, contracts, shares, bills, etc., electronic media with secret information - the results of state and industrial espionage, secret mail are not “going” anywhere now. , valuable metals, radioactive materials and devices, listening equipment, classified chemical materials, including GMOs and bioadditives, various kinds of prestigious luxury items: crocodile skin, ostrich feathers, jewelry, precious stones, collections of fashionable clothes and shoes, furs, high-quality spices, anti-aging medications that are extremely necessary for the elderly rulers of the world, exclusive sex toys, expensive prostitutes, an agent network, members of the billionaires' club, high-ranking officials of states and the like.
The exploitative system of the world economy is threatened with total collapse.
The God of Fire showed his face.
The Icelandic volcano is currently erupting from three vents. They appeared in contrast in the photograph taken in the heat rays, and formed a kind of nightmarish physiognomy - either the devil, or the god of fire. View from space.
Based on materials from Internet media
Olga Olenich
