To Paris with my samovar. Free Paris – where to go and what to do Free places in Paris

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"Who want to be a millionaire?"

Questions and answers:

Yuri Stoyanov and Igor Zolotovitsky

Fireproof amount: 200,000 rubles.

Questions:

1. What fate befell the mansion in the fairy tale of the same name?

2. What does the chorus of the song in Svetlana Druzhinina’s film encourage the midshipmen to do?

3. What button is not found on the remote control of a modern elevator?

4. Which expression means the same as “to walk”?

5. What is stroganina made from?

6. At what mode of operation of the washing machine is centrifugal force especially important?

7. Which phrase from the movie “Aladdin’s Magic Lamp” became the title of the album of the group “AuktYon”?

8. Where do the sailors of a sailing ship take their places at the command “Whistle all up!”?

9. Which of the four portraits in the foyer of the Taganka Theater was added by Lyubimov at the insistence of the district party committee?

10. Which state’s flag is not tricolor?

11. Who can rightfully be called a hereditary sculptor?

12. What is the name of the model of the human body - a visual aid for future doctors?

13. What was inside the first Easter egg made by Carl Faberge?

Right answers:

1. fell apart

2. keep your nose up

3. “Let’s go!”

4. on your own two feet

5. salmon

7. “Everything is calm in Baghdad”

8. on the upper deck

9. Konstantin Stanislavsky

10. Albania

11. Alexandra Rukavishnikova

12. phantom

13. golden chicken

The players did not answer question 13, but took the winnings in the amount of 400,000 rubles.

_____________________________________

Svetlana Zeynalova and Timur Solovyov

Fireproof amount: 200,000 rubles.

Questions:

2. Where, according to the popular phrase, does the road paved with good intentions lead?

3. What is used to sift flour?

4. How to correctly continue Pushkin’s line: “He forced himself to be respected...”?

5. What appeared for the first time in the history of the Confederations Cup this year?

6. In which city is the unfinished Church of the Holy Family located?

7. How does the line of the popular song end: “The leaves were falling, and the snowstorm was chalk...”?

8. What kind of creative work did Arkady Velurov do in the film “Pokrovsky Gate”?

9, the site reports. What is believed to be added by the Crassula plant?

10. What did Parisians see in 1983 thanks to Pierre Cardin?

11. Who killed the huge serpent Python?

12. What title did the 50 Swiss franc note receive at the end of 2016?

13. What do adherents of the cargo cult in Melanesia construct from natural materials?

Right answers:

1. profile

4. I couldn’t think of anything better

5. video replays for judges

6. in Barcelona

7. Where have you been?

8. sang verses

10. play “Juno and Avos”

11. Apollo

13. runways

The players were unable to answer question 13 correctly, but left with a fireproof amount.

PARIS is the capital and largest city of France, has the status of a department.

The location is in the central part of the Paris Basin, on the Seine River, at the confluence of the Marne and the Oise. In the official borders, the area is 105.4 km2 (in the pre-de-la of the Paris ring road; beyond its pre-de-la-mi incl. The same goes for the Bou-lon forest and the Viennese forest). Population 2193.6 thousand people (2012), including over 20% - immigrants (mainly immigrants from the EU countries and North Africa). With the nearby towns of Boulogne-Bie-en-court, Saint-Deni, An-er-sur-Seine, Mont-treuil, Nant-terre, Créteil and others (all within the so-called Small Ring) creates the urban ag-lo-me-ration of Greater Paris (area 762.4 km2; population about 6.6 million people), which is the core of the Paris region (Ile-de-France; area 12.01 thousand km2; population over 12 million people). Important transport hub; Automobile and railway transport systems fan out from Paris to all parts of the country. River port. Inter-national air ports: Le Bourg (1919; to the north of the city), Or-ly (1932; to the south) and Charles -de Gaulle (Roy-si; 1974; to the north-of-the-sto-ku). Metro-po-li-ten (1900) and the system of urban electric trains (RER; 1969).

City `s history

For the first time it is mentioned in the “Notes” of Gaius Julius Ce-za-rya under 53 BC as a village of the Gallic tribe no pa-ri-zi-ev called Lute-tia Parisiorum. The island of Si-te on the Seine River is considered the historical center of Paris; in the era of the prince-tsi-pa-ta, on its left bank there lived its own Roman quarter (called La-tin since the 19th century) Skim), the right bank of the Se-ny os-vo-en in Sred-ne-ve-ko-vie. Since the 3rd century AD, it was usually called ci-vi-tas Pa-ri-sio-rum (civitas Pa-risiorum, “the main city of the pa-ri-zi-evs”), or simply Pa-ri-zii (Parisii, from where the Polish name Paryż comes from and the Russian trans-cryption of the Polish name Pa-rizh). Was part of the Lu-gdun Gaul, did not play an important role until the 4th century, was subordinate to the city of Se-no-nov Agedin -ku (now-not Sans). At the beginning of the Christianity of Paris from the 3rd century, Dio-ni-siy of Paris is considered the first episcopate. skiy. The first do-ku-men-tal-but-for-fi-si-ro-van-nym bishop was Vik-to-rin, mentioned under the year 346. In the years 357-360, Paris was the residence of Julian. From-stepping, appreciating the strategic significance of the city. In 451, the troops of At-ti-ly arrived at Paris; according to-the-word-but-le-gen-de, the city was spa-syon blah-da-rya-for-the-step-no-thing-st-vu Saint Gene-neuve-e-you, in-chi-tae -my like his godless mother. In 464, for a time, in 486, the window-cha-tel-but was occupied by the French. Since 508, the main residence of Chlo-dvi-ha I, since 511, one of the residences of the ko-ro-leys of Neustria. In 629, in the city of Paris, uch-re-zh-de-na yar-mar-ka. The role of Paris in this period was largely op-re-de-la-meant by the races near it ab-bat-st va Saint-Deni (os-no-va-but in 630; now not in the city of Saint-Deni) - mustaches-fingers of almost all Frankish, then French kos -ro-ley, na-chi-naya with Da-go-ber-ta I.

In 585, Paris suffered greatly from the heat, destroying the living ancient city. In 885-886 you held the wasp of nor-man-nov. From the middle of the 9th century, in the hands of the counts of Paris from the family of Robert-ti-nov, windows-cha-tel-but secured the French crown with their -bra-ni-e-ko-ro-lem in 987 Gu-go Ka-pe-ta. Along with Kom-py-e-nem, Or-lean-nom and San-li-som, one of the re-zi-den-tions of the Ka-pe-ting-gov, from the middle of the 12th century fak -ti-che-ski hundred-li-tsa k-ro-lion-st-va. Large handicraft center; in Paris there are more than hundreds of workshops (the first mention of the workshop was in 1121). In 1254, the Paris par-la-ment was created (see). In 1263, the mu-ni-tsi-pa-li-tet of Paris was founded, headed by the pre-vo. During the period of Et-en-na Mar-se-la uprising 1356-1358 Paris was pro-voz-glashen to the com-mu-noy (see article). In the XIV-XV centuries, the most populous Western European city; on-ka-well-not the “Black Death” (1348), the village of Paris consisted of about 200 thousand people (this number has been restored by the city -no-vil in the 2nd half of the 15th century). The center of May-o-te-nov restoration (1382) and ka-bosh-e-nov restoration (1413). During the Hundred Years' War of 1337-1453, it was occupied by English troops in 1420, and settled in 1436. In 1470, in Paris, the first typography was founded in France. In 1528, the capital was officially announced. In the era of Re-for-ma-tion, one of the op-lo-tov ka-to-li-kov, where, one-on-ko, a lot of gu-ge-lived but-tov. The place of the founding of the or-de-na of the Je-zui-tov (1534) and the key co-beings of the Re-li-gi-oz-nyh (gu-ge-not- ski) wars, including Var-fo-lo-me-ev-skoy no-chi (1572) and the Day of Bar-ri-kad (1588). In 1588-1591 he was governed by the Council of 16 (elected from 16 districts of Paris), twice withstood the siege of the troops of Henry IV (1589 , 1590), recognized it only in 1594. The main events of the Fronde (1648-1653) unfolded in Paris. In 1682, the Ko-ro-lev-skaya re-si-den-tion from Paris (os-ta-vav-she-go-xia capital of France) moved to Versailles (until 1789). In the 16th-18th centuries, the largest city in Europe (at the end of the 18th century its population amounted to 640 thousand people), from the 2nd half of the 17th century a world center of science, literature and art, for fashion, a place of residence for the European elite.

The main events of the French revolution of the 18th century took place in Paris (the capture of Bastilley on July 14, 1789, the popular uprising on August 10, 1792 years and 31.5-2.6.1793, pas-de-nie of the mo-nar-khiya 21.9.1792, trial of Louis XVI and his execution in January 1793, ter-mi-do-ri- An-sky re-re-vo-rot 27/28.7.1794, overturn of the Di-rek-to-rii 9.11.1799). In 1789-1794, the city-house was managed by a comm-mu-na (see years). In 1795, Paris was divided into 12 municipal ok-ru-gov (each at the head with its co-ve-t) and entered as part of the department of Seine, created from the territories of Paris and its nearby suburbs.

During the period of the Le-o-nov wars, it was occupied on March 31, 1814 by Russian and Austrian troops. Again from March 20, 1815, under the rule of Na-po-le-o-na I Bo-na-par-ta. Ok-ku-pi-ro-van by the Prussian troops on July 6-7, 1815. At the beginning of the 19th century, it developed as an industrial center. Place of the people's uprisings of 1832, 1834 and 1839. Center of the July Revolution of 1830, the Revolution of 1848 in France, the French Revolution of 1870, the Parisian Commission mu-ny of 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871, the siege took place on September 17, 1870-January 28, 1871 by Prussian troops. In 1843, a united railway road with Or-lean and Ruan, in 1846 with Lille and Tu-r, in 1851 with Di-zhon and Nan-tom, in 1852 with Nan-si and Stras-bu-rum, in 1853 with Bor-do, in 1854 with Lyon, in 1856 with Mar-se-lem, in 1857 with Re -nom. In 1859, the district was divided into 20 districts, each headed by a mayor, the well-known head of the city-su-dar-st-va. In 1860, the borders of Paris were sus-st-ven-but expanded due to the inclusion in it, half or partly but, 24 neighboring communes (Belle-ville, Grenelle and others). The population of Paris in 1860 consisted of about 1.7 million people, in 1880 - 2.2 million people. In 1854, a horse appeared in Paris, in 1874 - a tram, in 1900 - a metro. All-world exhibitions were held in Paris (1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900, 1925, 1937).

In the 1st half of the 20th century, a large industrial (ma-shi-no-structure, tech-stylish, pharmaceutical, perfume, poly-gra- physical industry, production of goods (ros-ko-shi) and trade-in-fi-nan-so-vy center; one of the op-lots of the left parties. After the 1st World War, many immigrants from Russia, Poland, Armenia, Italy came to Paris im-mig-ri-ro-va-li Lii. Place of pro-ve-de-niya on February 6, 1934, mass protests for bass-to-wok and de-mon-st-ra-tions, who tore off the fa-shi under torture -st-sko-go per-re-vo-ro-ta. In 1935, the Popular Front was created in Paris (see article). During the 2nd World War ok-ku-pi-ro-van 14.6.1940 on-tsi-st-ski-mi howl-ska-mi, os-vo-bo-zh -day 19-25.8.1944 as a result of the Paris uprising of 1944. According to the law of July 10, 1964 (came into force on January 1, 1968), the department of Se-na was ras-for-mi-ro-van, Paris was transferred to a special administrative united (at one time a com-mu-well and a department) headed by the Council, which included some selections from 20 districts of Paris. In 1975, the Council of Paris, from the bi-paradise of the city, was established, and the position of Mayor of Paris, from bi-rae-mo-go So-ve-tom (the first mayor was J. Shi-rak). The main center of the general bass movement in 1968 in France. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, industrial enterprises actively moved beyond the city limits; at one time, Paris received a significant number of im-grants from former French colonies, as well as from a number of European countries.

Traditional center of inter-national diplomatic and social life (at different times there were numerous sub-pi-sa-ns in Paris peaceful and union do-go-vo-ry), place-of-presence of a number of inter-people's or-ga-ni-za-tions (UNESCO , Or-ga-ni-za-tion of economic cooperation and development, European Space Agency, and others), me -one hundred pro-ve-de-tions of various inter-national con-gresses, conferences, meetings.

Urban architecture and cultural life

The basis of the modern city plan in ancient Roman times. Per-re-se-kayu-sya at a right angle to the gr-do-building axes (kar-do and de-ku-ma-nus) with-from-vet-st-vu-yut modern lines of the streets Saint-Mar-ten - Saint-Jacques and Saint-An-tou-an - Saint-Ono-re. From the ancient city of Lu-te-tsia, the ruins of the arena were preserved (late 1st century AD, 130 × 100 m, built in 1869) , baths of the 2nd century, houses and buildings of the 1st-4th centuries (in the Archaeological crypt under Notre Dame Square), but most of the ancient pas -myat-ni-kov is not open (Large thermal baths on the site of the Col-lège de France; forum and others). Paris was built from the locality from the West-nya-ka, until-vav-she-go-sya in the underground ga-le-re-yah -never were the ancient ones). Since the 5th century, numerous churches have been built (the 5-aisled cathedral of St. Stephen, 6th century, has not survived) and the monastery of Saint-Deni to the north of Paris, the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul (502; on the site of the modern center of Sainte-Genev-eve (St. Geneve-e-ve ); the old church was built in 1807, the tower of Chlo-dvi-ga, XI and XV centuries was preserved), Saint-Germain-des-Prés (the church was founded in 558, completely rebuilt in the 11th-17th centuries), Saint-Lauran (Saint Lavrentia; completely -re-built in the XV-XIX centuries).

In the Middle Ages, Paris was divided into numerous powers - kingdoms (including a residence on the island of Si-te ), episcopal, local canopies. You have 3 historical zones: the island of Si-te as a state and religious center, the left bank of the Seine as a university the center and the right bank, where trades and markets would have developed (including at the gates of Saint-Ono-re; the future "of -vo Pa-ri-zha"). On the island of Si-te - Paris Bo-go-ma-te-ri so-bor, palace Kon-s-er-zhe-ri (from the 11th century; former prison; Tse tower -za-rya on Roman foundations; Clock tower - 1350-1353, clock - 1370, decorated around 1585, sculptor J. Pi -lon; Go-vo-run tower, Hall of the Guard with Gothic sto-da-mi), Saint-En-yan chapel (beginning of the 12th century) and Sainte-Chapelle (circa 1240-1248). On the left bank of the Seine in the 13th century, the University of Paris was founded (now not in the village of Sor-bon-ny) with its buildings for pre-da-va-te-lei and students (now not the La-tin-kvar-tal). Nearby the house is located: the church of Saint-Jules-en-le-Pauvres (1160s - mid-13th century), the city of Saint-Se-ve-ren (Saint Se-ve-ri-na; XIII - early XVI centuries, Vit-ra-zhi XV century), Saint-Et-en-du-Mont (Saint Stephen; 1494-1624; facade - 1610-1622; og-ra-da ho-ra - 1541, F. De-lorme); Hotel Clue (2nd half of the 15th century, now the National Museum of Middle-of-the-Kuss-st-va). On the right bank there were preserved: the church of Saint-Ger-main-l'Oc-ser-roi (XII-XV centuries), the cloister church of Billette (1427), the Hotel Sans ( ar-hi-episco-pov San-sa; 1475-1519), houses from the 14th century (voe-na-chal-ni-ka Olivier V de Clis-so-na, 1380; before -ma on the street Fran-soi-Miron, Vol-ta and others). In 1190-1213, under Philip II Av-gu-ste, the core of Paris on two banks is surrounded by a fortified wall (from the south - you bu-du-shchei ra-di-al-no-kol-tse-voy pla-ni-drov-ki city. The area of ​​the city is 253 hectares. Behind the pre-de-la-mi city walls there were bo-ga-ty ab-bat-st-va (Saint-Martin, Saint-Jacques or-de-on the state) pi-tal-e-row, Saint-Ger-main-des-Prés, mo-na-styr there-pl-e-row and others), church (Saint-Ni-co-la-des-Champs, XII century, re-built in the XV and XVII centuries; Saint-Me-dar (Saint Me-dar-da), mid-XV - early XVI centuries). On the right bank behind the city walls there is a su-sche-st-vo-va-la and a small fortress with don-jon (1190-1202; mainly but-va will-du-sche-go Luv-ra), defending the island of Si-te. The right-hand part of the city grew to the left-hand side and in 1356-1383, by decree of Charles V the Wise new buildings were built here, including a territory of about 440 hectares together with the Louvre, rebuilt to the royal residence in 1364-1369. From the east the city was defended by the Bas-ti-lia fortress. In 1528, Francis I returns the royal residence to Paris, which will help -tion of the construction site on the right bank of the Se-ny. In the late non-Gothic style there are: the church of Saint-Merri (1515-1612, from the end of the 16th century), Saint-Es-tache (St. Eu-sta-fiya; 1532-1633; nave - 1570; classic façade - 1754, completed in 1772-1778), tower of the Church of Saint-Jacques-de- la-Bu-sh-ri (1509-1522; church of Sne-se-na in 1797). The city hall was built in the Renaissance style (Hotel de Ville; since 1533, architect D. da Cor-to-na; raz-ru-she-na in the heat in 1871), hotels Kar-na-va-le (1548 - around 1560, pre-resident architect P. Les-ko, sculptor J. Gou-zhon; re-built in 1660-1661; now not a museum), La-mu-an-on (1584). Since 1546, the modern ensemble of the Louvre (Les-ko and others) has been built; from 1564 - the palace of Tyu-il-ri (ar-hi-tek-to-ry F. De-lorm, J. Bul-lan).

Henry IV, with his Edikt (1607), pre-wrote greater emphasis on the construction of Paris and its regularity. At the beginning of the 17th century, the first geo-met-ri-che-ski right-village areas were formed: the square castle of the Ko-ro- Levskaya Square (now not Vo-gesov; 1605-1612, architect L. Me-te-zo; on the site of Sne-sen-no-go at the end of the 16th century Tour-nel-sko-go deputy ka) in the Ma-re area with an equestrian monument to Lu-do-vi-ku XIII (1639, re-melted in 1792, a new statue was installed -na in 1825), a trapezoidal view in the plan of the Do-fi-na square (1607-1616) on the island of Si-te with an exit to the hundred-rei-she-mu from the preserved bridges - Pont-Neuf (1578-1606) and the memory of Gen-ri-hu IV (1614, reinstatement in armored Ze in 1818, F.F. Le-mo). Under Charles IX, new fortifications were built (1566), and under Louis XIII, walls (1630-1635) to the north -behind-pa-du (to the future So-gla-siya square) and to the north-ve-ru from Bas-ti-lia. The area of ​​the city is 1.1 thousand hectares. In the 17th century, the city actively grew, and by decree of Lu-do-vi-ka XIV (1670), the walls were demolished, and in their place were subsequently st. -were once-bi-you Big boul-va-ry. In place of the old gates, new ones were erected in the view of three-fold arches: Saint-Deni (1672, architect N.F. Blondel) and Saint-Martin (1674, architect P. Bulle). In 1676, one of the first plans for the expansion of Paris was drawn up. Under Louis XIII and XIV, many significant ensembles were built ( Luxembourg Palace; Palace of Card-di-la-Ri-she-lieu, later named Pa-le-Royal, 1627-1636, architect J. Le-mer-sieu, re-built in 1764-1770, architect P. Con-tan d'Ivry), increased the palaces of the Louvre (Pa-ville-on cha-sov , 1639, architect Le-mer-sier; completion of the Quad-rat-no-go-yard, 1660-1664, architect L. Le-vo) and Tu-ile-ri (1664- 1670; burned down during the Paris Commune in 1871), back in 1595-1610 the United Great Ga-le-re-ey (ar- hi-tech-ry B.A. and Jacques II A. Du-ser-so, L. Me-te-zo). Louvre axis - Tu-il-ri according to the example of Ver-sa-la pro-dol-zhe-na sa-da-mi Tu-il-ri (since 1664, architect A. Le-notre), circle -loy square (analogous to the square of the Star of the Co-ro-lya in Ver-sa-le) and the park-com of the Champs-Elysee-Les (since 1667; Le- notre). In the 17th century, a type of cross lived in the plan of a church with ports and fronts, with a large ku-po- scrap on the ba-ra-ba-not above the middle-dok-re-sti-em: the church of Saint-Josef (St. Joseph) of the former monastery of kar-me-li- current (1613-1620, dome - 1628; now the Catholic Institute), University of Paris (1635-1648, architect J. Le-mer-sieux; ros-pi-si F. de Champ-pe-nya; tomb-ni-tsa kar-di-na-la Ri-she-lieu, 1694, F. Zhi-rard-don), monastery of be-ne-dik-tin-tsev Val-de-Grâce (1645-1667) , ar-hi-tech-to-ry F. Man-sar, Le-mer-sier, P. Le-muet, G. Le-duc), central chapel-la Saint-Louis (St. Louis) do-vi-ka) state-pi-ta-la Sal-pet-ri-er (1670-1677, architect L. Bru-an), Church of Notre-Dame de l'Asompension (Us-pe -nia Bo-go-ma-te-ri; 1670-1676, architect Sh. Er-rar). In the same way, 3-nave churches with a trans-sep-tome were built: Saint-Sul-pis (Saint Sul-pi-tion; 1646-1745, arch-hi-tech-to-ry K. Ga-mar, D. Zhit-tar, J.M. Op-pe-nor; 2-tower facade - 1732-1781, architect J.N. ; ros-pi-si F. Le-moy-na, E. De-la-roi), Saint-Roch (Saint Ro-ha) with a large ro-ton-da behind the choir (1653-1754). , ar-hi-tek-to-ry Le-mer-sieu, J. Ar-du-en-Man-sar, R. de Cote; 1-nave (according to the plan of the Church of Il-Dzhe-zu in Rome) baroque church of Saint-To-ma-d'Aken (St. Thomas of Akvin; 1682 -1683, architect P. Bull-le; ros-pi-si Le-moi-na, 1723-1724; paintings by Gver-chi-no, S. Rozy).

Many urban-building en-semb-li appear in knots in the historical center of Paris: House of In-va- Li-dov (1671-1676, architect L. Bru-an and others; Saint-Louis Cathedral, 1680-1706, architect J. Ar-du-en-Mansar), open on es-pla-na-du (1704-1720). Among the ha-rak-ter-nyh in the construction of the class-si-tsiz-ma: Number of four-you-three nations (1662-1688, ar-hi-tech-to-ry L . Levo, P. Lambert, F. d'Orbe; on the site of the Nel Tower of the 12th century; now the Institute of France), the eastern colony. yes Louv-ra (1667-1672), Paris As-tro-no-mi-che-skaya Ob-serv-va-to-ria (1668-1672, both architects K. Perro). According to the plan of Zh.B. Kol-be-ra or-ga-ni-zo-va-ny the first circle in Paris, Po-bed Square (1685-1686; diameter 80 m; monument to Lu-do-vi -ku XIV, 1822, sculptor F.J. Bo-zio) and the rectangular square with sloping corners Lu-do-vi-ka Ve-li -to (nowadays Place Vendome with the Van Dome Column; 1686-1720; both squares - architect J. Ar-du-en-Mansar ). The appearance of the center of Paris in many ways is based on the stone hotels (mansions) of the nobility of the 17th-18th centuries; Since the beginning of the 17th century, walkable houses have been built.

Actively in the 17th - early 18th centuries, the right-hand district of Ma-re developed - built under the influence of the type of Rome - church of Il-Dzhe-zu church of Saint-Ger-ve - Saint-Pro-te (since 1494; western part of the nave and fa-garden - 1616-1621, ar-hi-tek-to-ry S. Deb-ros, L. Me-te-zo) and the Je-zu-it-church of Saint-Paul - Saint-Louis (1627-1641, arch-hi-tech-to-ry E. Mar-tel -lange, F. De-ran; baroque fa-garden - 1634), central Sainte-Ma-ry-des-Anges of the former monastery of Vi-zi-tok (now- not pro-testant; 1632-1633, architect F. Man-sar) - one of the first domes; hotels May-en (1613-1617), Syul-li (1624-1629, both Jean I A. Du-ser-so), Aumont (1644-1648, L. Le-vo, Man-sar ), Beau-ve (1654-1660, A. Le-potre) with an oval courtyard, Sa-le (1656-1659, architect J. Bou-lier; since 1985 P. Pi Museum -kas-so), Ro-an (1705-1708; ro-kai-l-nye in-ter-e-ry), Su-biz (1705-1709, architect P.A. De-la-mer ; includes parts of the Kli-son hotel of the 14th century; ro-kai-l-nye 1735-1739, architect G.J. National ar-hi-you) with a courtyard surrounded by a flax-column ga-le-re-ey. In the 17th century, construction began on the island of Saint-Louis with Or-lean-skaya and An-juy-skaya on the banks; the Lambert hotels were built (1640-1644; interiors by C. Leb-re-na, F. Perrier, E. Le-su-era), Lozen (1650-1658, both architects Le-vo), the church of Saint-Louis-en-l'Isle (1664-1726, architects Le-vo, J. Doucet; growing- pi-si J.B. de Champ-pe-nya). In the 1710-1720s, the city continued to grow to the west (one hundred of Versa-la); for the construction of the right-to-be-re-place of Saint-Ono-re with the Elysian Palace (1718-1722, architect A.K. Mol- le; since 1873, the re-si-den-tion of the pre-zi-den-ta of France) and le-vo-be-reg-noe - Saint-Germain, where in the forms of class-si-cis -ma, but often with inter-ter-e-ra-mi in the style of ro-ko-ko, voz-dyat-sya hotels Ame-lo-de-Gour-not with oval courtyard (1711-1714, architect Bof-ran), Ma-tin-on (1722-1725, architect J. Courton; residence of the Prime Minister Fran -tion), Bi-ron (1728-1731, art-hi-tech-to-ry J.A. Gab-ri-el, J. Aubert; now the Museum of O. Ro-de-na) ; Bourbon Palace (1722-1728, architect L. Jardi-ni; ros-pi-si E. De-lac-roy; now the National Collection of France ). Since the middle of the 18th century, squares have been built in Paris mainly from the roofed type: Lu-do-vi-ka square, open on three sides XV (now not So-gla-sia Square; 1755-1776, architect Gab-ri-el). In the 1750-1760s, the following were built in the 18th century classic style: the military school ensemble (1753-1773, architect Gab-ri-el) with Mar -with the field (once in the 1750s; modern plan - 1908-1928), leading to the Yensky bridge (1808-1814 ); Church of Sainte-Geneveve with a plan in the form of a Greek cross (1757-1790, architect J. Zh. Souf-lo, engineer Zh.B. Rhône de le; see illustration for the article; sculpture-to-ra front-to-on - 1830-1837, P.Zh. Da-vid d'Angers; ros-pi-si P. Pu-vi de Sha-van-na). Construction of the Ak-ti-vi-zi-ro-va-los after the end of the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763. In 1765, a decree was issued about the transfer of cemeteries beyond the borders of the city; in 1769 - about the demolition of buildings on the bridges (demolition by 1809). In the 1770s-1780s, the car-ve-dens: the church of Saint-Phi-lippe-du-Roule in the view of ba-zi-li-ki with a pre-Ric fa-sa-house (1772-1784 , architect J.F. Chall-gren); hotels Mont-ne (1771-1777, architect J.D. An-tu-an), Beau-mar-chais (architect P.G. Le-mo-an), Salm (1782-1787, architect P. Ru-so; now the Palace of the Po-che-no-go-legion); building of the theater "Ode-on" (1779-1782, art-hi-tech-ry M.J. Peyre, C. de Vailly), column on the palace Pas-le-Royal (1781-1784, architect V. Louis), Palace of the Right-to-Sou-Dia on the island of Si-te (1783-1786, art-hi-tech-to-ry P . De-me-zon, J.D. An-tu-an, G.M. Ku-tyur). In 1784-1790, 1-3 km from the former Ukrainian republics, a double shaft with a wall (length 24 km) and 55 behind-sta-va-mi (architect K.N. Le-doux), of which 4 have been preserved (La-Ville-let, du-Tron, d'Enfer , ro-ton-da in Mon-so park). The area of ​​the city is 3.4 thousand hectares (1790). In the place of these ramparts and walls, in the middle of the 19th century, the Outer Boulevards (2nd Ring of Paris) were built, oh-you-are- ric part of the city.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Emperor Na-po-le-on I issued decrees that were supposed to turn Paris into a place like Rome with ar -ka-mi, ko-lon-na-mi and hra-ma-mi. Open-you 60 circle-lo-su-precise backgrounds. On Van-Dom Square there are columns of Trai-na (1806-1810, art-hi-tech-ry of J. Gon-du- en, J.B. Le-per) with bronze-zo-you-mi ba-rel-e-fa-mi, depicting the battle at Au-ster-li-tse (P N. Ber-zhe-re, A.D. Sho-de). Co-ordination of three-um-false arch-ki Car-ru-zel (1806, arch-hi-tech-to-ry Sh. Per-sier, P. Fon-ten; crown-cha -on the second-re-ni-em quad-ri-gi with the ve-ne-tsi-an-go-go-go-of-the-bo-ra, sculptor F.J. Bo-zio) and Stars (1806-1836, architect J.F. Chalguerin; reliefs, including “Mar-se-e-za”, 1833-1836, F. Rud; under the arch - mo-gi-la Not-from-the-know-no-sol-y with the eternal flame, 1920). In the spirit of the an-tich-no-go temple - the building of the Parisian Exchange (1807-1825, art-hi-tech-to-ry A.T. Bron-yar, E. La- bar). Pro-lo-wives of Ob-serv-va-to-rii Avenue, Ri-vo-li street with a single building (1802, Per-sier and Fon-ten ). Behind the top of the square is So-gla-sia, in the center of which in 1836 an Egyptian ob-lisk from the temple was erected Amo-na in Luk-so-re, and in the corners there are 6 statues in honor of the most important French cities. The area is one hundred per-re-crossed axes of the Louvre - the arch of the Stars and the Temple of Glory (the Church of Sainte-Madeleine (St. Mary Ma-gda-li-ny), t- pa pe-rip-te-ra; architects P.A. Vignon, J.J. M. Yuve) - Bourbon Palace (facade with 12 columns) -nom port - 1806-1808, architect B. Pu-aye; ba-rel-e-fs 1837, sculptors Rud, J.J. Pradier). In 1802-1825, the canals of Ourcq, Saint-Martin and Saint-Denis were built and designed, creating the Parisian system Ka-na-lov (length about 130 km).

After the restoration of the di-na-stia of Bur-bo-nov, the same was built: a cupola-chapel of repentance (in place of a treasure -bi-sha, where were Lu-do-vik XVI and Maria An-tua-net-ta, 1816-1826, architect P.F.L. ten), the building of the National Higher School of Fine Arts in the style of Ne-ore-nes-san-sa (1820-1838, art-hi-tech-to-ry F. Deb -re, F. Duban); Church of Notre-Dame-de-Loret (1823-1836), Saint-Vin-san-de-Paul (1824-1844, art-hi-tech-ry J.B. Le-père, Zh.I. It-peat) with a 2-tower fa-sa-house. On the site of the old Ukrainian settlements near the borders of the city in the mid-17th century (including Bas-ti-lia, destroyed in 1789-1790) sfor -mi-ro-va-ny Bas-ti-lia Square (with the July Column, erected in 1831-1840 in honor of the victims of the 1830 revolution) and another area. In 1841-1844, the city was surrounded by a new wall for defense purposes (the border of the city since 1860; 7.8 thousand hectares) with bas-tio-na-mi, after the 1st World War in 1919-1932, replaced by the bul-va-ra-mi Mar-sha-lov (3rd ring of Paris). Ak-ti-vi-zi-ru-et-sya on-cha-that back in the 1800s the use of metal structures: the library of the Holy nev-e-you (1844-1851), church of Saint-Eugene - Saint-Se-sil (1854-1855, art-hi-tech-to-ry L.O. Bua-lo, A.L. Lu- dream; first with an open metal frame), reading room of the National Library of France (1862-1868, both architects A. Lab- rust). The symbol of Paris was built for the World Exhibition of 1889, the Hey-fe-le-va tower (1887-1889, according to the design) tu co-worker of the engineering bureau A.G. Ey-fe-la - M. Kök-le-na, E. Nu-gye and architect S. So-ve-st-ra; height 300 m; ).

In 1853-1896, on the initiative of the prefect of the department of Se-na Zh.E. Os-ma-na per-re-pla-ni-ro-va-na the central part of the city: new wide boulevards have been created (Avenue Foch, Boulevard Saint-Germain), square-di with ra-di-al-but ras-ho-dia-schi-mi-sya from them streets-tsa-mi (Res-pub-li-ki square , 1854-1862). Ra-di-al-no-kol-tse-vuyu sis-te-mu of Paris uk-re-pi-lo railway construction-st-st-vo (11 ray-whose joint-not-us-ok- ruz-ny-mi zhe-lez-ny-mi do-ro-ga-mi); the castles of Saint-Lazar (1842-1853, expanded in 1886-1889), North (1861-1865, architect J.I. It) were built -peat), Au-ster-lits-kiy (1862-1867) and others. Pro-lo-same-on the new axis of the boulevard Saint-Mi-chelle - Se-va-sto-polsky boulevard - boulevard Stras-bourg, you go to Eastern train station (1847-1849, architect F. Ducne; expanded in 1895-1899). Okon-cha-tel-no sfor-mi-ro-va-na the main city an-fi-la-da with So-gla-sia and Star-dy squares (since 1970, Char-la Square de Gaulle), together with the wide-ro-kim pro-spect of the Champs-Elysee Fields, 2 km long and 70 m wide (outside the -en since 1838, It-peat). Once there were numerous parks (Mont-so, 1852; Buttes-Chau-mont, 1867; Mont-sou-ri, 1869; and others) and small born gardens. However, this re-building of Paris led to many memorials of art-hi-tech-tu-ry: in the years 1858-1868 snow- This is a significant part of the construction of the island of Si-te. In the style of neo-go-ti-ki, mainly in the outskirts of Paris, the churches of Sainte-Clo-tilde (Saint-Clo-tilde; 1846-1857, arch-hi- te-ry F.K. Gau, T. Bal-lu), Notre-Dame-de-Clin-yan-court (1859-1863, P.E. Le-ke), English-li-kan- Cathedral of the Holy Trinity (1881-1886), Church of Saint-Jean-de-Mont-martre with reinforced concrete structures (1897-1904, A. de Beau- before) and others. In the spirit of ne-ore-nes-san-sa - church of Sainte-Tri-ni-te (Holy Trinity; 1861-1867, Ball-lu), Saint-Fran-sois-Xavier ( St. Francis Xa-ve-ria; 1861-1873; painting “The Secret Ve-rya” Tin-to-ret-to, 1559), new building Ra-tu-shi (1874-1882, Ball-lu, E. De-pert). With elements of Roman and Byzantine art-hi-tech-tu-ry - the Church of Saint-Augustin (St. Av-gu-stin; 1860-1871, architect B . Bal-tar; ku-pol in the neo-ovi-zan-tiy style), ba-zi-li-ka Sak-re-Keur on the Mont-martre hill (1875-1919, architect P . Aba-di; ko-lo-kol-nya - architecture by L. Man; 473 m2 mo-za-ik, 1900-1923). In the Russian-Visan-Tiy style - the right-to-glorious 5-shafted Cathedral of St. Alex-san-Dr. Nevsky (1859-1861 years, ar-hi-tech-to-ry R. I. Kuz-min, I.V. Strom). For Paris of the 19th century, there were sharp social, residential and architectural contrasts. Pompous theaters (Paris Opera, the main monument of the Second Empire of the style), exhibition buildings, uni-ver-ma-gi (“Le Bon Marche”, 1870-1887, architect L.S. Bua-lo, engineer A.G. Eyfel; “Ga-le-ri La-fay-et ", 1905-1912) adjacent to the neighboring houses and poor-living areas of the district .

In the spirit of ek-lek-tiz-ma for the World Exhibition of 1900, the Grand Pas-le palaces were built (1897-1900, art-hi-tech -ry A. Deg-lan, L.A. Lu-ve, A.F.T.; now the exhibition hall) and Petit-Pa-le (1897-1900, architect Sh. Zhi-ro; museum since 1902), Li-on-sky (1900) and Or-se (1898-1900, architect V. La-lu), Alek-san bridge -Dr. III (1896-1900). In the style of modern (ar nouveau) - many residential buildings (Kas-tel-Be-ran-zhe, 1895-1898), entrances to metro stations 1- th che-re-di (1899-1904, all - architect E. Guimard); university store "Sa-ma-ri-ten" (1903-1907, architect F. Jour-den, rebuilt in 1933 in the Art De Co style). But-va-tor-skie-ki-ki O. Per-re from zhe-le-zo-be-to-na pre-vos-hi-ti-li art de style: many-go-quar- shooting house on Ben-ja-mi-na Frank-li-na street (1903), Theater of the Champs-Les (1911-1913, together with G. Per-re on the basis -ve project H. van de Vel-de; reliefs and frescoes by E.A. Bur-del, ros-pi-si E. Vuy-a-ra, M. De-ni ). In 1929, to Paris, the soe-di-ne-ny ter-ri-to-rii for the boulevard-va-ra-mi Mar-sha-lov, including the Bou-lon forest (the park was laid out in with castle of Val-lois (about 1337 - about 1410), church-view of Sainte-Chapelle (1379-1552, vit-ra-zhi 1559), wall-on-mi and vo-ro- ta-mi (2nd half of the 14th century), classic pa-ville-o-na-mi ko-ro-la and ko-ro-le-you (1654-1661, architect L. Left). The plan of 1928-1939 (architect A. Prost and others) re-re-built historical Paris at the expense of the construction of the city satellites. On the city outskirts in Rus-le mo-der-niz-ma and art de co built: villas Jean-neret and La Roche (1923-1925, art-hi-tech -the-ry Le Cor-busier and P. Jean-ne-re; both are now the Le Cor-busier Foundation), 8 houses of artists in the Villa complex. Se-ra (1924-1926, architect A. Lur-sa), house of T. Tsa-ra (1925-1926, architect A. Loz), International University city ​​town with 29 pa-villes (1925-1937; architect V.M. Du-dok and others; including a community of residence for Swiss students , 1930-1932, Le Cor-busier), a complex of mansions on Mal-les-Stevens street (1926-1927, architect R. Mal-les-Stevens), building Museum of Colonies (Port-Do-re; 1927-1931, art-hi-tech-to-ry A. Lap-rad, L. Zhos-li, L. Ba-zen; now -not the National Center for the History of Im-mi-gra-tion), the center of Saint-Es-Prix (Holy Spirit; 1928-1935, architect P. Tur-non; interior in the spirit of the Church of St. Sophia in Stam-bu-le), the center of the Army spa-se-niya (1929-1933, Le Cor-busier), as well as the same city mosque in the Mav-ri-tan style (1922-1926, R. Fur-ne, M. Man-tu, Sh. Ebe).

For the World Exhibition of 1937, palaces were built on Se-nu (you-sta-voch-nye complexes) in Art De Co style: Chaillot with two po-lu-circles-ly-mi co-lon-na-da-mi (1934-1937, art-hi-tech-to-ry L. Azé -ma, L.I. Bua-lo, J. Car-lu; now the Museum of Art-hi-tech-tu-ry and heritage and the National are located here; museum of the naval fleet), To-kio (1937, art-hi-tech-to-ry J.C. Dondel, A. Ober, P. Viar, M. Das-tyug ; now the City Museum of Contemporary Art and the Center for Contemporary Art, re-construction in 2001 and 2012, bureau “La-ca-ton & Vassal”); the Jená Palace was also erected (1936-1946, architect O. Perre; before construction in 1960-1962 and 1990s; now not an administrative building) . In the 1950-1970s, the main construction took place in the suburbs, where many masses of multi-apartment buildings were created. mov and new business district De-fance. In the precincts of Paris, often in the place of the demolished old quarters, large public co-organizations are erected. zhe-nie: UNESCO building (1952-1958, ar-chi-tek-ry M. Breuer, B. Zehr-fuss, engineer P.L. Ner-vi; ras-shi-re- but in the 1960-1970s.; building “Pro-country-st-vo me-di-ta-tion” in the spirit of neo-omo-der-niz-ma, 1995, architect T. An -do), House of Radio (1958-1963, architect A. Bernard and others), sky-scraper “Tour Mon-par-us” in the business complex of Men- Mont-par-us (1969-1973, architect E. Beau-du-in and others; at a height of 210 m, the tallest building in Paris), buildings of the communist party of France (1971, architect O. Niemeyer and others, engineer J. Prouvé; completed in 1979-1980; all in Russian later go mo-der-niz-ma), Na-tsio-nal-no-go center of art-kus-st-va and culture named after J. Pom-pi-doo in high-tech style (the so-called Bo-bur; 1972-1977, ar-hi-tech-to-ry R. Rodgers, R. Pia-no, engineers P. Rice, E. Hap-pold) . High-rise districts (mainly residential) were created for the construction of Italy-13 (in the 13th district; 1960-1970s, in including the Les Olim-pi-yad complex of 12 buildings, including 8 towers with a height of 104 m; 1974, architect M. Ol-le and others) and Front-de- Sen (Bog-re-nel; 15th district, 1970s).

In the 1980s - the first half of the 1990s, under the presidency of F. Mit-te-ra-not, were his “Big-shie-about” realities? -ek-you": Or-se Museum (former train station of the same name, re-construction in 1986, architect G. Au-len-ti), "City of Nau -ki and pro-mysh-len-no-sti" (museum of science and technology; 1986, architect A. Fen-sil-ber) in La Ville-let park in sti -le de-kon-st-ruk-ti-viz-ma (55 hectares on the site of former sko-bo-en; 1980-1987; completed in 2000; architect B. Chu- mi), Institute of the Arab World (1987, architect J. Nouvel), new entrance to the Louvre in the form of 4 glass pi-ramids (1985-1989 years, architect I.M. Pei), the new building of the National Library of France (1992-1995, architect D. Perrault). The same would have been built: the sports complex “Ber-si” (1981-1983, art-hi-tech-rs P. Pa-ra, M. An- Dr., engineer J. Prou-ve), the building of the Ministry of Finance in the spirit of bru-ta-liz-ma (1989, ar-hi-tech-to-ry P. She-me -tov, B. Ui-dob-ro); on Bas-ti-lii Square - the theater "Opera Bas-tiy" in Rus-le po-smo-der-niz-ma (1989, architect K. Ott) and on-chi-nayu-shchaya- there is a lake-lined former railway es-ta-ka-da, consisting of the “Via-do-ka-arts” (1988-1997, architect P. Berger) and “ Green alley" (“Prome-nade plan-tée”; 1988-1993, art-hi-tech-to-ry J. Ver-zhe-ly, F. Ma-tieux); buildings of the Cartier Foundation (1994, architect Nouvel), the American Center in the style of de-con-st-ruk-ti-vis-ma (1994, architect F. Ge -ri; now the French si-ne-ma-te-ka), the “City of Music” complex in La Villette park (1995, architect K. de Port- deputy park). At the same time, the main construction activity was carried out in the east of Paris, where many territories needed re-construction. Among the buildings of the beginning of the 21st century is the Museum on the na-bay Bran-ly (2006, architect Nouvel).

On-the-rez-ny Se-ny with memory-ni-ka-mi ar-hi-tek-tu-ry and bridge-ta-mi (except for those named - Ma-ri, 1677 year; Ko-ro-lev-sky (Royal), 1685-1689, according to the design of J. Ar-du-en-Man-sa-ra (Con-cord) , 1787-1791; Arts, 1802-1804, first metal-li-che-sky in Paris, re-con-st-rui-ro-van in 1981-1984; -lich-ky, 19th century; Mi-ra-bo, 1893-1896; Bir-Ha-keim, 1903-1905) are included in the list of All-world heritage .

Backgrounds: Ne-vin-nykh (1547-1549, architect P. Les-ko, sculptor J. Gou-jon), Me-di-chi next to Luxembourg palace (1624, architect S. Deb-ros), Aud-ri-ette (1638, re-con-st-rui-ro-van in 1760), “What time do you not a year" on Rue Grenelle (1739-1745, sculptor E. Bou-char-don), "Po-ba-dy" on Place du Chat-le (1806-1808, sculptor ra L. Boiso; on the site of the fortress, destroyed in 1802), Virgin Mary near the village of Paris Bo-go-go ma-te-ri (1845), Saint-Michele (1860, architect G. Da-viou, sculptor F. Du-re), Ob-serv-va-to-ri (1867-1874, sculptor J.B. Kar-po), Stra-vin-sko-go (1983, sculptors J. Ten-ge-ly, N. de Saint-Falle).

Pa-me-ni-ki: mar-sha-lu M. Neyu (1852-1853, sculptor F. Ryud) on Ob-serv-va-to-rii Square, Jean-ne d'Arc (1874) ; “Three-umf Res-pub-li-ki” on Nation Square (1879-1899, sculptor E.J. Da-lu), statue of Res-pub-li-ki on Res-pub Square -li-ki (1883, architect Sh. Mo-ris, sculptor L. Mo-ris); equestrians to Emperor Karl Ve-li-ko-mu (1882, sculptors L. and Sh. Ro-she) and Et-e-nu Mar-se-lyu (1888, Zh.A .Id-cancer); O. de Bal-za-ku (1893-1897) and V. Hugo (1886-1900; both sculptor O. Roden), D. Didro (1886, sculptor J. Go -te-ren); Liberty on Le-be-di-island (a smaller version of the Liberty statue in New York; 1889, sculptor F. O. Bar-tol-di), Zh.Zh. Dan-to-nu (1891, sculptor O. Pa-ri), Guy de Mo-pas-sa-nu (1897, sculptor R. Ver-le), L. Pas-te-ru ( 1900, sculptor A. Falguiere; us-ta-nov-len in 1908), Wall of the room at the Pere La Chaise cemetery (1909, sculpture -tor P. Mo-ro-Vo-tje), A. Mits-ke-vi-chu (1909-1929, sculptor E.A. Bur-del); 14 statues from the Inter-people's exhibition of de-co-ra-tiv arts in 1925 (since 1930 - in the mayor's office of the 5th okrug), “France” near Port-Do-re (1931, sculptor L.E. Dri-vier), Me-mo-ri-al mu-che-ni-kov So-against-le-niya on the hill of Mont-Va-ler-en (1960-1961).

In Bolshoy Pa-ri, 1-3 km from the boulevards of Marshalov, there is a ring of forts built in the 19th century century Here, beyond the borders of the department of Paris, in the 20th century, industrial workers actively grew (now not replaced by modern urban quarters -mi). In the 1920-1930s, 16 garden cities were created there (Dunyi, 1934, art-hi-tech-to-ry J. Al-bank, E . Gon-no; Le-Ple-si-Ro-ben-son, 1939, architect M. Pe-re-Dor-tai, and others). In Bolshoi Pa-ri there are cities and communities: Saint-Deni with the ab-bat-st. of the same name, mo -on-sta-ryom ur-su-li-nok (1644, architect F. Man-sar), the former building of the editorial office of the newspaper “L'Hu-manité” (1989, architect O . Ni-me-er), the Stade de France (1998, architect of the Costantini Regembal Archi-tects bureau, Macary Zublena Architects); Nois-si-le-Grand with living complex-sa-mi in the style of post-mo-der-niz-ma “Ar-ka-dy on the lake” (1972-1975) and “Pro-country-st-va Ab-rak-sa-sa” (1978-1983; both - R. Bo-fill); Bo-bi-nyi with the house of the trade union-call (labor exchange; 1978, architect Nie-mei-er); Le Rency with the church of Notre-Dame du Rency (1922-1923, O. and G. Perre); With lock Zh.B. Col-be-ra (1670, rebuilt in 1857; now the Museum of Ile-de-France); Sèvres with a factory for the production of Sèvres far-fare (since 1756; museum since 1824); Saint-Cloud with a park of the 17th-18th centuries (architect A. Le-notre); Rue-ey-Mal-me-zon with the palace of Mal-me-zon; Myo-don with the own house of the architect T. van Doesburg (1929-1931); Garche (Vok-re-son) with Villa Stein (1927, architect Le Cor-busier).

On the territory of three cities (Pu-teau, Cour-be-voie and Nanterre, department of Hauts-de-Seine), on the urban axis running from the Louvre across the Champs-Elysee Fields, located in Europe's largest de-loving district of La Défense (built with 1950s). There is the Center for New Industry and Technology (CNIT; 1956-1958, architect B. Zehrfuss and others, engineer J. Prouve and others), many of you - hundreds of buildings, including “Initiale” (1965-1966, architect J. de Mailly and others, engineer Prouvé), “First” (1974, architect P. Dufault; by- after the re-construction (2011, architect bureau KPF) it reached a height of 231 m - the tallest building in France), “La Grande Arche" (in the form of an arch 110 m high; 1985-1989, architect J.O. von Spreckel-sen with the participation of P. An-d-reu; one of the "Big projects" ek-tov" F. Mit-te-ra-na), "Pacific" (1988-1992, architect K. Ku-ro-ka-va), "Cœ ur D ́efense" (1999-2001, architect J .P. Vi-gier), “Grani-te” (2005-2008, architect K. de Port-zam-park), many pedestrian bridges between the buildings sa-mi and through av-to-ma-gi-st-ra-li (for example, the Val-mi bridge, 2008, architect D. Faich-ting-ger). Also in De-fans - the Catholic center of Notre-Dame-de-Pant-cote (1998-2001, architect F. Am-mu-ten).

In 2007, at the initiative of N. Sar-ko-zi, he began to develop a plan for a comprehensive re-construction of Paris “Pain -shoy Pa-Rizh", designed for 20-40 years (in 2010-2013 under the leadership of B. Le-moine; with the participation of ar-hi-tech-to-rov J. Nu-ve-la, K. de Port-zam-par-ka, R. Rod-zher-sa, A. Grum-ba-ha, I. Llona and others).

Science, education, culture

Paris is one of the world's largest centers of science and education. Among the scientific institutions are the Institute of France, the Paris Astronomical Observatory, the National Academy of Sciences -rur-gii (1731), Agricultural Academy (1761), National Academy of Far-ma-ko-logia (1803), National Academy of Medicine (1820), Aka-de-miya ar-hi-tek-tu-ry (1840, modern name since 1953), Ve-te-ri-nar-naya aka-de-miya (1844), Institute of Pas- te-ra (1888), French Institute of Byzantine Research (1897), Institute of Curie (founded in 1909 as the Radium Institute, modern name since 1970) , Paris Institute of Physics of the Earth (1921), National Center for Scientific Research of France, National Institute of Science -graphic research (1945), Paris school of eco-no-mi-ki (2006). In Paris - the headquarters of the French Institute of Dal-ne-go Vos-to-ka (os-no-van in 1898 as an Archeo-logical mission in In-do-ki-tai , lived in Sai-go-ne, Ha-noi; since 1954 in Paris), Inter-people's Union for la-bo-ra-to-riy and ex-per- Comrade in the field of construction materials, systems and construction materials (1947). Large universities: Collège de France, Sor-bonne, National Higher School of Fine Arts (1671), National Higher School of Bridges and Roads (1747 ), National Higher School of Arts and Crafts (1766), National Higher School of Arts and Crafts (1780), National Higher School of the City no-go de-la (1783), “National Conserv-va-to-ria of Arts and Re-myo-sel” (1794), Higher Normal School (os-no-va -on in 1794, in 1985, jointly with the Sevres Women's Higher Normal School), Poly-technical School (os -no-va-na in 1794 as the Central School of State Works; modern name since 1795), National School of Charter (1821), Central School of Paris (1829), Parisian Institute of Political Research (1872), Institute of the Arab World (1980), Paris Scientific-Technical Institute Institute (Pa-ri-tek; founded in 1991 as the Higher Technical School, modern name since 1999; it consists of 11 technical colleges le-zhey and 1 business-col-lezh), National Institute of Art History (2001) and others. National library of France, among other libraries - Ma-za-ri-ni (1643; since 1945 at the Institute of France), Ar -se-na-la (1756), National assemblage (1796), Se-na-ta (1818), is-to-ri-che-skaya (1871), ad-mi-ni-st- radios of Paris (1872), Russian Society named after I. S. Tur-ge-ne-va (1875; in 1940 the co-b-ra-nie was you-ve-ze-no; re-established-nov-le-no in 1959), For- not (1886, since 1961 - in the Sans mansion), G. Ma-le-ra (1986). National arts (1790).

Museums: House of In-va-li-dov, Car-na-va-le, Louvre, Mar-mot-tan, Oran-zhe-ri, Or-se, National Museum of Natural History riy (conducts history since 1635; is established in Paris: Garden of Plants (1794), Viennese Zoo Park (1934), Museum man (1937), Ga-le-reyu of evolution-lu-tion (2010), Mi-ne-ra-logical ga-le-reyu and Pa-leo-nto-logical mu -zey), arts and crafts (1794), National Museum of Medieval Art (1843), French History (1867), National Museum of Oriental Arts - Guyme (1889; one of the largest museums of oriental art in the world), Cher-nu-ski (1898), Society of de-co-ra-tive arts (created in 1901; co-or-di-ni-ru-et activity of mu-ze-evs: de-co-ra-tiv-no-go art; fashions and tech -sti-la; rec-la-we; Nis-sim-de-Ca-mon-do), fine arts Jacques-mar-An-d-re (1913), O. Ro-de-na (1916, opened in 1919), Cogne-yac-Geu (1929; French art of the 18th century), health care (1934), discoveries and inventions te-niy (1937), National Museum of E. De Lac-Roy (1952; modern status since 1971), City Museum of Modern Art (1961, in the Tokyo Palace), O. Tsad-ki-na (opened in 1982), P. Pi-kas-so ( 1985), Bak-ka-ra (1988; from-de-lia lo-ta-ring-skaya crystal-steel ma-nu-fak-tu-ry), Pa-vil-on Ar-se-na -la (1988; city-building and art-hi-tech-tu-ra of Paris; building 1879), S. Da-li (1991), A. May-o -lya and others. Do-ma-mu-zei: V. Gyu-go, G. Mo-ro (both opened in 1902), E.A. Bourg-de-la (opened in 1949), O. de Bal-za-ka (opened in 1960).

Paris is the largest theater center in the world. The first theater in Paris (“Burgundy Hotel”) was opened in 1548 by the Brotherhood of the Passions of the State (in 1402, according to I can-po-lyu on-sta-new-ku mis-te-ry in Paris). The first permanent corpse appeared in Paris in 1599. At the beginning of the 21st century, there are more than 100 theaters in the city, including the leading drama-ma-ti-che-s, having the status of na-tsio-nal- nykh, - “Co-me-di Fran-sez” and the National Folk Theater (Théâtre National Populaire, TNP, 1920; located in the Palace of Chaillot, the pre-known hall chen for theater performances, concerts and ki-no-po-ka-zov), as well as 15 mu-ni-tsi-pal-nyh, more -more than 30 theaters for children, about 50 private theaters of various genres, included in the Association of Parisian theaters at-ditch Among the most famous theaters: “Atelier”, “Ode-on” (1782, since 1990 “Theatre of Europe”), “Shat- le" (1862), "Ate-ney - Louis Zhu-ve" (1893), "An-tu-an" (1897; building 1866), Theater of the Champs-Elysees (1913) . The top three classical troupes in the world include the Paris Opera Ballet. Popularly used are “Te-at-ry boulevards” and numerous ca-fe-t-at-ry. Every year it happens: “Autumn Festival” is the largest international festival of contemporary art in France (those at-ra, music-ki, dance-tsa, vi-zu-al-arts and cinema since 1972), festival-ti-val mu-zy-ki, dance-tsa, those; -at-ra and cinema "Summer Quarter" (since 1990), Inter-people's festival of films about human rights and ki -no-fes-ti-val “Pa-ri si-ne-ma” (both from 2003) and others.

A unique center of the world's musical culture since the early Middle Ages, which gave rise to a number of musical genres ditch, schools and right-of-way; the birth of European professional multi-vocal music, ba-le-ta, oper-ret-you, several types of opera. Here the first good school in history was formed - Notre Dame School. In the 14th century, at the University of Paris, Philippe de Vit-ri and Io-ann de Mu-ris created a new theory of musical rhythm. and no-ta-tions. In 1528, Parisians At-ten-yan and P. Otin founded a music publishing house. In 1570, T. de Courville and J.A. de Ba-if discovered Aka-de-miyu in poetry and music (su-sche-st-vo-va-la until 1584).

In the 17th century, the royal court played a significant role in cultural life, especially during the reign of Ludovi -ka XIV. “Mu-zy-ku ko-ro-la” included three large numbers of lek-ti-va: “Ka-me-ra”, including 2 or-ke-st- ra - “Big-shoy, or 24 skri-ki ko-ro-la” (in a hundred-yan-but-ho-dil-sya in Paris) and “Small, or 16 skri-pok ko-ro” -la” (co-pro-vo-zh-gave co-ro-la in pu-te-she-st-vi-yah); “Ka-pel-la” (vo-ka-li-sty); “Big-shaya ko-nyush-nya” (orchestra of hunting-draw-ho-howl music). The main opera-no-ba-let-theatre is “Ko-ro-lev-skaya aka-de-miya mu-zy-ki” (1672). In the years 1653-1687, the musical life of Paris was headed by J.B. Lulli, in the 1730-1760s, J.F. took over the leading position at the court opera. Ra-mo. At one time, in the popular folk theaters, there were comic performances with music, in 1714, before -the estate of Saint-Ger-men os-no-van te-atr, who gave na-cha-lo te-at-ru “Opera-Ko-mik”. After the French Revolution of the end of the 18th century, those not-us; in the musical life of the city, there is a significant place for mass markets. In 1828 F.A. Ha-be-nek os-no-val “Concert society of the con-serv-va-to-riy.” During the Second Empire, Paris became the center of operetta art. In the 18th-19th centuries, companies of musical instruments worked: Zh.B. Vil-o-ma (bows), “Play-el”, S. Era-ra (piano, harp), A. Ka-vaye-Ko-lya (or-ga-ny). In the 19th-20th centuries, Paris began to attract many major musicians from other countries: J. Rossi lived and worked here -ni, F. Chopin, F. Liszt, F.I. Sha-la-pin, I.F. Stravinsky, S.S. Pro-kof-ev and others. So-by-tiya-mi st-or-ga-ni-zo-van-nye S.P. Dya-gi-le-vym at the beginning of the 20th century. Is-to-ri-che-Russian concerts and opera-and-ba-let-Russian seasons. After the 1st World War, a group of com-po-zi-to-row-ex-per-ri-men-ta-to-row “Shes-ter- ka" and "Young France" (1935). In 1954-1974, concerts of modern music “Domaine musical” were held, one of the ideologists of which was P.P. Suv-chin-sky, one of the ru-kovo-di-te-ley - P. Bu-lez. A special tradition of the es-t-happy song (shan-son) has developed. Nowadays the functions are: Paris Opera, “Opera-Ko-mik” (name since 1801), Paris Orchestra, Orchestra Co- lon-na (1873), Orchestra of La-mou-reux (1881), National Orchestra of France (1934, firstly - French radio) , Phil-lar-monic orchestra of Radio France (1937), chamber orchestras “Ensemble inter-con-tem-porain” (1976), “Or- ke-st-ro-vy en-semble Pa-ri-zha” (1978). Works all over the world, but well-known musical ensembles, specializing in the region-las-ti au-ten-tich-but -th is-pol-ni-tel-st-va: “Mu-zy-kan-ty Louv-ra” (1982; since 1996 in Gre-noble), “Spiritual concert "(1987), "Li-ri-che-skie da-ro-va-niya" (1991) and others. Higher musical educational institutions: Paris Conservatory, Normal School of Music (1919), Russian Conservatory S.V. Rah-ma-ni-no-va (1923), American Conservatory in Font-tenbe-lo (1918). Pre-po-da-va-nie of the old music-ki from-medi-to-to-che-but in “Sho-la kan-to-rum” (1894) and “Tsen-tre ba -rock music in Ver-sa-le" (1988). Institute of Research and Co-or-di-na-tion of Musical Acoustic Problems (IRCAM; 1977) - one of the world's centers for the study of musical acoustic music, as well as modern (including electronic) music. In Paris, the headquarters of the Inter-zh-du-na-rod-no-go mu-zy-kal-no-go so-ve-ta at UNESCO is located (1949). Within the framework of the multi-pro-fil-no-go “Autumn-no-fes-ti-va-la”, International folk music events are being held. Inter-folk music competition of pi-ni-stov, skri-pa-chey and vo-ka-listov named after M. Long - J. Ti-bo - R. Cres-pen (os-but -van in 1943, since 1946 the Inter-national competition of pianists and skri-pa-whose named after M. Long - J. Ti-bo since 2011) - one of the most prestigious in the world. The largest concert halls are “Play-el” (opened in 1839; since 1927 in a new building, art-hi-tech-tor G. Lyon, re -stav-ri-ro-van in 2002-2006), “Ga-vo” (1907, closed in 1976, reopened in 2001 after restoration); concerts are also held in theater halls.

Large sports center of Europe. In 1900 and 1924, the Olympic Games were held in Paris. Football club "Paris Saint-Germain" (PSG) - 4-time champion of the country (1986, 1994, 2013, 2014) and 8-time winner la-da-tel of the French Cup (1982-2010), ob-la-da-tel of the European Cup of Cups (1996); pri-ni-ma-et co-per-ni-kov at the “Parc des Princes” (over 47 thousand seats), where the event takes place (1960, 1984) and mi-ra (1998) in football and 3 fi-na-la Li-gi than-pion-nov. The final championship of the world in football (1998) was held at the specially built Stade de France (80 thousand places), where one of the leading registrar clubs in the country, Stade Français, also co-hosts. Since 1891, the tennis tournament “Big Helmet” has been produced - an open-air tournament in France (since 1928 on earth -nyh kor-takh "Ro-lan Gar-ros"). Since the middle of the 19th century, traditional prizes with the participation of horses have been given out every year at the Lon-shan ip-po-drome the best ska-ska-rocks, including the “Tri-um-fal-noy-ar-ki Prize”. Since 1867, per-rio-di-che-ski pro-vo-dyat-xia inter-national chess-mate tour-ni-ry. Since 1976, the traditional international marathon has been running (start on the Champs-Elysees, finish on Avenue Foch). At the beginning of the 21st century, the place of pro-ve-de-niya of many inter-national meetings, including the Than-Pio-na-tov of the world in bad-min- to-well (2010), judo (2011). In Paris, as usual, fi-ni-shi-ru-et ve-lo-race "Tour de France". In the south-eastern region there is one of the largest multi-functional sports complexes in Europe - “Ber-si” (opened in 1984).

Economy

The Parisian region is the main economic core of France, about 30% of the country's GDP is created here, according to There are over 4.6 million workers (of which more than 57% are in the greater Paris region). Paris (along with New York, London and Tokyo) is one of the leading “cities of the world”; Among the largest cities in the world in terms of GRP volume, it ranks 5th-6th with London. The basis of eco-no-mi-ki is the sphere of us-lud (about 87% of GRP, over 85% of employed), including administrative, business, information mation and tele-com-mu-ni-cation us-lu-gi, fi-nan-so-vy business, science, education and culture, transport port and lo-gi-sti-ka, trade-gov-la, in-du-st-riya tu-riz-ma, recreation and entertainment.

Great Paris is one of the main European business centers. According to the number of head offices of the world's largest companies based here (33 out of 500, 2011) There are only To-kio (48) and Pe-ki-nu (41), the headquarters of inter-people's organizations (including UNESCO, OECD, International -du-people's trade pa-la-ta, Inter-people's agent for energy, Inter-people's bureau of exhibitions, European Space Agency and others) - only Bruce.

In Paris itself, the headquarters of the European aerospace and defense concern Airbus Group are located (second -paradise - in Ot-tob-run-n, near Mun-he-n, Germany), leading national companies: “Electricit de France” (electric -energy-ge-ti-ka), “PSA Peu-geot Citroen” (auto-mo-bi-le-building), “Sano-fi” (pharmaceutical industry), “ La-farge" (construction materials industry), "Groupe Danone" (food industry), "Groupe Galeries Lafayette", "Printemps" (both rose -nothing trade), "Pixma-nia" (electronic trade), as well as the French-American company "Alcatel-Lucent" (production tele-com-mu-ni-cation and com-py-yu-ter-no-go ob-ru-do-va-niya, development-of-pro-gram-no-go support -che-niya) and others, in the nearby cities - the head offices of the Total company (oil and gas industry) , “GDF Suez” (electricity and gas industry), “Saint-Gobain” (construction materials industry; all - in the city of Cour-be-voie), "Renault" (auto-mo-bi-le-building), "Carrefour" (trade; both - in the city of Boulogne-Bie- en-kur), "Alstom" (transport and energy ma-shi-no-building; city of Le-val-lois-Per-re), "Dassault Aviation" (aircraft construction -nie; city of Saint-Cloud), "Groupe Auchan" (city of Croix), "E. Leclerc (city of Yves-sur-Seine), Monoprix (all trade), L'Oréal (par-fumer-no-cosmetics industry; both in city ​​of Kli-shi) and others.

Paris is a large international financial center; here are the headquarters of most of the largest French commercial banks (Crédit Agricole (in Mont Rouge), BNP Paribas, Société Générale, Groupe BPCE and others) and insurance companies (AXA, CNP Assurances, Groupama, SCOR group of companies (city of Pu-teau) and others), on-ho - dit background exchange NYSE Euro-next Paris (former Paris exchange).

Paris is the main French media center: the leading French telecoms (“Orange” and others) are located here -, news and sound companies, editors of the largest daily newspapers (“Le Figaro ", "Le Monde", "Lib ́eration", "Inter-national New York Times" (published in English) and others) and all the world-famous fashion magazines (including “Vogue”, “Elle” and “Ma-rie Claire”), numerous from-da-tel-st-va.

In Bolshoi Pa-ri there are 9 “kla-ste-rov kon-ku-ren-to-spo-sob-no-sti” (provide-pe-chi-va- they collaborate between business, educational institutions and research tel-ski-mi la-bo-ra-to-ria-mi): “Me-di-cen”, “Systematic”, “Cap Digital”, “AS-Tech”, “Cosmetic Valley”, “Finance In- no-vation", "Mov'eo", "Advancity", "Ela-stop ̂ole"; tech-no-parks “Biocitech” (in-no-va-tions in the field of bio-tech-no-log-gy and fine chemistry; Paris), “Genopole” (ge-not- ti-ka, ge-no-mi-ka and bio-tech-no-lo-gy; city of Ev-ry), "Paris Innovation Vauvenargues" (many-from-ras-le-voy; city of Saint-De). -ni) and others. As part of innovation programs, 26 centers have been created to help businesses (including Ateliers de Paris - the only one in France -tions “in-ku-ba-tor” in the field of art, fashion and design) and the so-called business-pi-tom-ni-ki for the support of in -no-va-tion (function-tsio-ni-ru-yut under the auspices of the Tor-go-industrial pa-la-you; in the Big Pa-ri-zhe ku-ri-ru-yut deya There are about 380 thousand enterprises).

Paris, along with Milan, New York and London, is one of the world's main centers of fashion indus- try; Since the end of the 19th century, it has retained its fame for its production of fashionable clothing, ac-ses-sua-rov, you-so- ko-ka-che-st-ven-nyh jewelry from-de-li, par-fu-mer-but-cos-me-technical products and more. Fashion houses (Dior, Chanel, Givenchy and others), head offices of companies are located here. future world production of luxury class clothes and luxury items: “LVMH Moët Hennessy - Louis Vuitton” (then -va-ry of trade brands “Givenchy”, “Louis Vuitton”, “Guerlain”, “Chaumet”, “Moët & Chandon”, “Hennessy” and others), “Kering” (brand ki "Gucci", "Yves Saint Laurent", "Boucheron", "Brioni" and others), "Hermès International" and "Christian Dior". Not-de-la fashion in Paris (has been held since 1973, twice a year) - one of the most significant events, for-give- the tone of the development of world fashion.

Paris is the most important node of the national network of av-to-ma-gi-st-ra-ley. From 7 Parisian railway stations there are 11 railway lines. Paris is the largest river port in the country; cargo turnover 21 million tons (2010; 2nd place among European river ports after the German Duisburg); the main ter-mi-na-lys are in the city of Gen-vi-lie; main cargoes: construction materials, oil products, coal and metal products. Paris is one of the world's largest aviation hubs. Pass-sa-zhi-ro-ob-rot of the international air-ro-port Charles de Gaulle 61.6 million pas-sa-zhi-rov (2012; 2nd place in Europe after London Heathrow air port), Or-li - 27.1 million passengers (2011); Le Bourg airport is one of the leading European business aviation bases. Metro-po-li-ten Paris is one of the largest in the world (total length 219.9 km, 16 lines, 303 stations).

The main trade center of France (over 1/2 of the national trade turnover) and one of the largest European and international prices trov you-sta-voch-but-yar-ma-roch-no-no-no-sti; among the most important international me-ro-measures (total about 10 million national lei per year) - Parisian auto -salon (Mondial de l'auto-mobile), Aviation and space salon in Le Bourget (Salon international de l'aéronautique et de l'espace - Paris Le Bourget), you- ki of agriculture (Salon international de l'agri-culture), to-va-ditch shi-ro-ko-go-on-demand (Foire de Paris), trans-port and lo-gi-sti -ki (SITL), design-for-in-ter-e-ditch (Maison & Objet), fashionable design-ditch (Tranoї), state-owned business -sa, health and others.

Paris is one of the world's largest tourism centers, mainly cultural and educational. The city is home to about 27 million people a year (over 1/3 of all those who come to France; of these, about 17 million people are foreigners, mainly from European countries and the USA), Paris region - about 42 million people (1st place among EU regions). An important object of tourism is the complex of entertainment parks “Disney Land” (1992; in the city of Marne-la-Vall; 15.6 million people , 2011). Income from foreign tourism is $58.5 billion (2009).

The Parisian region is a tra-di-tsi-on-but the largest industrial hub in the country. Since the 1950s, the largest industrial enterprises have been located outside the city limits of Paris, since the 1970s - outside the Bolshoi Pa-ri-zha. In Paris itself there are several large enterprises, including the plants of the PSA Peugeot Citroen, Safran and Valeo companies (all - production of auto parts).

At the beginning of the 2010s, Greater Paris became one of the main European centers of automobile, air-ra-ket-no-cos. chemical and electronic industries; also the development of machine-to-building, production of precision me-ha-ni-ki and op-ti-ki. Chemical play an important role (production of mineral fertilizers, polymeric materials, par-fum-mer-no-cos- medicinal and pharmaceutical products), furniture, whole-grain, poly-graphic, sewing, food the food industry and the construction materials industry. In the western suburbs of Paris, the development of auto-mo-bi-le-building (za-vo-dy in the cities of Bou-logne-Bij-en-kur, An-er-sur-Seine, Le-val-lois-Per-re and Meudon), aircraft construction (Saint-Cloud and Gen-vi-liers), energy ma-chi-no -construction (Cour-be-voie), production of perfume-mer-but-cos-me-techical products (Ann-er-sur-Seine) and tobacco products ( Isi-le-Mu-li-no); in the north-eastern suburbs - production of ver-to-le-tov (La Cour-neuve), phosphorus fertilizers (Auber-viller) and Kras- si-te-ley (Saint-De-ni); in the south-eastern suburbs - production of engines and aircraft equipment (Yves-ry-sur-Seine) , electrical and electronic products (Nois-zo and Ryon-zhi), mirrors and crystals (Vit-ry-sur-Seine).

An unprecedented purge took place: 47 Soviet “diplomats” were expelled from the country within a few hours. Such a measure, the only one in the entire history of relations between France and the USSR, was approved at an exceptionally high level - by the president of the republic himself.

When François Mitterrand signed the deportation order a few days before the event, two additional dossiers lay on his desk, which revealed the systematic activities of the KGB and GRU aimed at undermining the vital interests of France.

The first dossier was transferred to the Elysee Palace from the Quai d'Orsay in mid-January 1983. In the April 8, 1985 issue of Point magazine, I published an article on this document. Here is a brief summary of its contents.

On the night of January 11, 1983, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs received a telex from the French Embassy in Moscow. Only the head of the cabinet and the minister himself, at that time Claude Chayson, became familiar with its contents before passing it on to the president. The telex reported an astonishing discovery made at the French Embassy by the head of the coding service. The message, signed by Jean Pierre Masse, the first counselor of the embassy, ​​said in particular: “During the repair of the telex, it was discovered that the housing of one of the capacitors contained a complex electronic device, apparently intended for transmitting telegraph information to an external power network.” . The document further specified that similar electronic devices were found in all telexes used by the embassy to communicate with Paris.

The news was simply stunning: thus, from the installation of the first telex in October 1976 until January 11, 1983, the KGB received information about all diplomatic messages received and sent by the French Embassy in Moscow, including the most secret ones.

Two extra wires found in the capacitors were directly connected to the mains. The telex power cable therefore carried current to the external circuit and transmitted information to the KGB building in Moscow. The system functioned exactly like a wiretapping device. Connection to a capacitor made it possible to intercept telexes with almost unreadable encryption. As a result, Soviet intelligence services could receive “clean” texts.

The KGB achieved this technical success thanks not so much to its own abilities as to the negligence of the security service of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

The first negligence: six devices were sent from Paris between October 1976 and February 1977 by rail in so-called freight cars, used by embassies to transport heavy and bulky equipment. These telexes, without any escort, without protection, moved across Soviet territory for two days. Taking advantage of this, the KGB officers carefully opened the boxes (sealed), removed the “original” capacitors and replaced them with others equipped with a special electronic device.

The second negligence: neither at the time of installation nor during their use did the competent services of the embassy in Moscow bother to remove the covers from the cases and check the inside of the devices. And only after one of the telexes broke down, a basic check was carried out and a trap was discovered.

After reviewing the documents sent from the Quai d'Orsay, François Mitterrand decided to apply sanctions to the USSR for an unacceptable violation of the secrecy of diplomatic correspondence. He had a formidable weapon in his hands: the Fairwell dossier. The UOT was instructed to prepare a certificate and a list of KGB officers for the president and GRU, which were particularly active in France. In mid-March 1983, the new chief of counterintelligence put all the necessary documents on the president’s desk. Mitterrand himself selected 47 “diplomats” from among the hundreds of names proposed to him for expulsion. Among them were the “resident” (Nikolai Chetverikov). , his deputy (G. Korepanov), leaders of “line N”, “illegals” (Yuri Bykov), “line X”, scientific and industrial espionage (Yuri Zevakin) and “line PR”, political espionage (Vitaly Yudenko).

In total, 15 expelled “diplomats” worked on the “PR Line,” 12 on the “X Line,” and five belonged to the GRU. Quai d'Orsay notified the USSR Embassy about this. In the offices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a representative of the Soviet Embassy tried to protest, condemn “this treacherous blow to traditional friendship” between Moscow and Paris. But after he was presented with the document, the only one from the Fairwell dossier, the Soviet diplomat turned pale and left the ministry in great embarrassment.

In the Kremlin, where Yuri Andropov, the former chief of the KGB, was in charge at that time, they perfectly understood the meaning of the message. Not a single Frenchman was expelled from Moscow in response. “I would not like the blame for this gross provocation against the Soviet Union to be placed on the French socialists and especially on the communists” (who were part of the government at that time), the Soviet leader told the German weekly Der Spiegel a few days later, who expressed surprise regarding the lack of response. In fact, Andropov knew full well that Paris had every opportunity to use the Fairwell dossier to deliver decisive blows to the KGB and GRU.