Details about the organization of the bivouac. Open lesson "Tourist bivouac

The organization of the bivouac begins immediately after choosing the optimal camping site, which we talked about in

A bivouac in a highland area that requires special work to organize it.

We list the main types of work that are included in the concept of organization in the order of their implementation:

1. Determination of the location of the main elements of the camp - tents and a place for a fire.
2. Camp setting.
3. Preparation of kindling, brushwood and firewood.
4. Kindling a fire.
5. Water preparation.
6. Cooking.

After all the points have been implemented, we can assume that the camp has been set up. In different conditions and in different areas, the order and set of these works may vary, and, consequently, the instructions for setting up a bivouac will also be different.

Now we will analyze all these points, but in more detail.

Determination of the location of the main elements of the camp and its setting

The convenience, comfort and safety of those who will be in it depend on how the camp is planned.

The place under the fire should be located on the leeward side in relation to the tents, so that the smoke is carried away to the opposite side of the resting place. It should be convenient for cooking and eating, drying things and heating, as well as organized in compliance with fire safety rules.

Specially organized place for tent parking.

The distance from the tents to the fire should be sufficient so that the fire does not burn through the fabric of the tent, but not such that you have to run to the fire through the entire camp: this is at least inconvenient. If, instead of tents, a shed hut is used, a fire can be made near it: in this way, some hunters in the winter taiga are heated.

With a large number of participants in the hike and the presence of a large flat area, convenient for setting up tents, tents can be placed in a circle around the entrances to the center. This will make it easier for campers to communicate with each other. However, it is perfectly acceptable to set up tents in rows to save space. This will allow you to set up a bivouac even in a relatively narrow place, for example, in a ravine.

However, in difficult conditions, tents can be placed regardless of their position to each other, but so that each of them is on a fairly level and safe place. This is especially true if you need to set up a bivouac in a mountain-forest area, on a loose river or moraine, where there are not so many flat areas.

It is advisable to set up tents so that there is enough free space between them, and a passing person does not stumble over every guy stretched from the tent.

The entrance of the tent is oriented depending on the conditions. So, for example, the tent entrance can be directed towards the river flowing near the bivouac, which increases the aesthetics of staying in the camp. Or the entrance to the tent can be located on the windward side so that the tent is well ventilated and it is not hot in it.

In any case, the entrance to the tent should ensure the convenience of using it, as well as the safety of people. For example, it is unacceptable to put up a tent on the edge of a cliff with the entrance to this very cliff, despite the beautiful views that open to the eyes of the residents.

If necessary, an awning can be pulled up in the camp so that the whole group, regardless of the weather, can gather under it and discuss important issues, or simply sit down for a meal. It should also be convenient for the attendants to organize meals for the marching group. The photo shows such an awning over a fire place:

In general, with the correct placement of the camp, it should be convenient to work and comfortably rest. This is true for tourism, and for fishing or hunting, but a tourist bivouac usually must be organized in compliance with the greatest number of requirements, both because of extreme situations and because of the distance from human habitation.

In many cases, tourists can choose a hiking route in such a way that, according to known terrain data, they initially plan to place bivouacs in suitable places indicated on the map, or at least so that at the end of the day they go to a place convenient for setting up camp - on the river bank , to the outskirts of the forest, to the well.

Preparation of kindling, brushwood, firewood and kindling a fire

After setting up tents and determining a place for a fire, you need to organize the collection of kindling, brushwood and firewood.

Sometimes the collection of kindling can be carried out directly during the journey. So, for example, it would be useful to put birch bark plucked along the way in your pocket or collect a certain amount of pine resin. They will not take up much space, but they can save time when organizing a fire, since there are not always sources of good ready-made kindling directly near the camp.

It is easier to organize a bivouac on a water trip due to the fact that you can carry a much larger amount of equipment on boats.

I know a case when, during the setting up of the camp, tourists encountered difficulties in kindling a fire: it rained - and finding dry kindling became a difficult task. The situation was saved by one of the participants, pulling out a sack of birch bark from his pocket. It turned out that he had collected it in the middle of the day, when the group was passing by a birch grove.

Speaking about the preparation of fuel for a fire, it is important to note the following nuance. Despite the fact that there is a campfire in the group, that is, one who is engaged in the equipment and making a fire, the collection of fuel is also carried out by other members of the group. Otherwise, if everything is blamed on one campfire, a large tourist group may be left without a hot dinner. The strength of one person may simply not be enough to collect enough firewood in the shortest possible time to cook food for a large number of participants in the campaign.

The video below describes the procedure for preparing firewood for a bivouac:

In one of the campaigns to which I was invited and where I had the “happiness” of being a campfire, the following happened. The head ordered to set up a camp on an already equipped parking lot (there were several pavilions with a roof and an equipped place for a fire). But due to the fact that this place was popular and frequently visited, there was almost no brushwood and firewood nearby, that is, one of the fundamental rules for choosing a place for a bivouac was violated. The leader gave me the task to collect firewood and light a fire. My reconnaissance of the surroundings showed that the nearest dry logs were at least half a kilometer away, there was also a good place for parking. The only tools I had were a knife and a chainsaw. As a result, it took me at least an hour and a half to search, prepare fuel and kindle a fire for cooking for a group of five people with a supply of fuel for morning campfire work. Everything would have turned out much faster if we had set up a camp in a nearby “wild” clearing, and sent all the participants of the campaign free from other business to search and collect firewood. As you can see, with an unsuccessful choice of place and improper organization of bivouac work, the loss of extra time and effort is inevitable, and this is without taking into account the incandescence of the psychological situation in the group.

As soon as everything necessary for the fire has been collected, and the place under the fire is appropriately equipped, the campfire begins to build a fire. At this point, the rest of the participants are doing other camp chores, for example, going to get water for the future dinner and tea.

Kindling for a fire, which can be collected in the forest-steppe.

The stage of preparing fuel and making a fire is considered completed when there is enough firewood to carry out all the tasks associated with the fire, the place for the fire is equipped in accordance with the requirements for the safety and convenience of campfire work, and the fire itself can burn for some time without human help.

Water harvesting

This is perhaps in most cases the easiest and fastest task available even to children. That is why it can be left to the very last moment.

However, in some situations, difficulties may arise, for example, if there are no open sources of fresh water near the camp. So, for example, a spring marked on the map can simply dry up.

In such cases, it may take much longer to get water, and then you should take care of this almost in the first place. For example, if there is a settlement nearby, several participants should be sent there with empty containers.

If the place for the bivouac is chosen correctly, there are no problems with the extraction of water.

On a hike along the Kuyalnitsky estuary, we had to go to the place where we planned to stop for the night. On the map, a well was marked near this place. We were going to draw water in this well for the night and for the whole next day, as we planned a long transition through the arid region. However, to our disappointment, there was no bucket on the well, and the water itself in the well was heavily polluted with garbage. It was even possible to see the corpse of a mouse floating on the surface of the water in this well. I had to urgently go to the nearest village and ask people for water, leaving plans for equipping the camp in the end.

Here is another instructive story. A group of a tourist friend of mine lost their way and got lost. Twilight was approaching - it was decided to set up camp. In the place where the group initially headed, there was a source of fresh water, on which all hope was placed. But at the place where the participants of the campaign actually ended up, nothing of the kind was found. All supplies of water were drunk on the way. In order to somehow quench their thirst, the tourists drank water from a small puddle, which was not immediately discovered.

At the same time, small mountain streams are usually sources of pure water, quite suitable for drinking without special treatment.

In the mountains, the water in the streams simply does not have time to become polluted.

For such cases, it is useful to have water disinfection tablets or a special water filter with you. I generally keep quiet about ropes and utensils, thanks to which you can pull water even from the deepest well or standing on the steep bank of a reservoir: they should be included in the mandatory set of tourist equipment.

Tablets for water disinfection, relatively inexpensive, but effective.

The stage of water preparation is considered completed when water in sufficient quantity and quality prepared for cooking is in the camp. There will be little sense from a bucket of muddy water in which plant debris floats. Such water will need to be defended and filtered, which will take additional time.

Cooking

Most often, tourists carry food with them in backpacks, so there is no need to waste time replenishing its supplies, as is the case with water. For this reason, food preparation usually happens last. It is usually handled by attendants.

Often, by the time the field cooking begins, the main things in the camp have already been done, and each participant can take care of himself (carry out hygiene procedures, relax or chat with other participants in the campaign), although you can spend this time usefully, for example, replenish firewood, go for berries and mushrooms, if conditions permit. But most often the camp is set up in the evening, and there is no time to do something else, except for the main bivouac work, before dark.

The criterion for the successful completion of this stage of bivouac work can be considered the satisfied faces of the participants in the campaign, with appetite eating dinner cooked on a fire.

A bivouac in the dense taiga, where the water source is far enough away and the water had to be carried in special eggplants.

All this is just an example of the steps and sequence of their implementation for a typical tourist group hiking in a temperate climate zone. The order of actions and the actions themselves may differ from those indicated here, depending on the presence or absence of certain resources and equipment, as well as on the conditions in which people are.

The nuances of organizing bivouac work in different conditions

To understand the variability of the actions of a marching group when setting up a bivouac, depending on the conditions, I propose, for example, to briefly consider some situations and the features of organizing bivouac work in them.

In the mountains, where trees and other vegetation may not exist at all, there is no need to search for firewood. In such places, tourists usually use burners. This means that instead of collecting fuel for the fire, the participants can be busy with other useful things.

In fact, a bivouac in the mountains is just properly set up tents and a place where the burners are securely placed.

In the desert, there may be no need for a fire at all, especially when, in addition to the tent, there is a sleeping bag in the backpack. When crossing dry regions, travelers prefer to carry a supply of water with them. This means that when carrying out work on the camp, there is no need to search not only for firewood, but also for water, and the arrangement of the parking lot takes much less time.

In a forest in a large swamp, it may be necessary to build a deck or a hanging bed for rest to set up a bivouac. In addition, the same flooring will be needed for a fire. In this regard, first of all, you will need to look for poles for flooring.

On the seashore, if there are no trees nearby, and the fire still needs to be made, finding and transporting dry fin (pieces of wood washed up on the shore) to the parking lot may be a task of higher priority than setting up tents, especially if it comes to the night.

Such a camp bears little resemblance to a classic bivouac, but performs all its main tasks.

In winter, in the forest with severe frosts and the absence of a tent, you must first take care of preparing firewood for a fire and poles for a hut, and in the steppe with deep snow cover, you need to build a snow shelter. In both cases, the search for fresh water does not make sense, since drinking water can be obtained by melting snow and ice.

Bivouac in the winter forest, quite safe, compact and well organized.

In spring and autumn, during thaws and rains, organizing a roof over your head and a canopy for firewood and a fire may be a priority. In the summer, the search and extraction of fresh water can get the palm.

In windy weather, in the absence of a natural wind screen, an artificial wind protection device may be a priority.

As you can see, in each individual situation, priorities can shift towards one or another “element”, and the number of “elements” themselves can either increase or decrease.

Summing up, we can say that a properly organized bivouac should ensure the safety of the people in it, the convenience of bivouac work, comfortable rest and, if possible, satisfaction from staying in the parking lot. And the organization of the bivouac itself should be energy- and time-saving, so that by the time the camp is set up, the hikers can have time to have dinner and have a good rest, and not meet the dawn, sticking out their tongues from fatigue.

After a long journey, every tourist needs a good rest. The place where the participants of the campaign rest, eat, sleep and gain strength is called tourist bivouac. It will shelter you from bad weather and give you the opportunity to sit by the fire.

Beyond duration bivouacs are divided into the following types:

• small and lunch halt;
• daytime;
• overnight stay.

The main rule in organizing a bivouac is the right choice of location. Equally important in this matter is to protect the bivouac from bad weather, prepare a site for a tent and build a fire.

How to choose the right places to rest

Small halt

For this type of bivouac, flat, dry areas are good, such as clearings, roadsides or edges. Great if you can find it nearby. source where you can bring drinking water.

The forest strip will perfectly protect the resting place from strong winds. If there are no trees nearby, then bushes and coastal slopes will do. We must not forget about the presence of insects- pay attention to it. In summer, it is better to halt in the shade, but in winter, stop in places that are lit by the sun.

Dinner bivouac, day and night

A good place for a day or night will be a flat area for placing tents, nearby there must be a reservoir (river, lake) and dry brushwood for fuel.

in winter, when choosing a place to stay, pay attention to availability of good fuel. At this time of the year, snow can be used as drinking water, just melt it on fire.

In summer it is better to stop near the river, near the village . In this case, it is better to choose a site for the camp a little upstream from the settlement, fords and watering places. Choose places where the river has a sandy bottom, a convenient descent and a calm surface.

When choosing a site for spending the night, consider the time of illumination of this place by the sun. In such cases, the east side of the river bank or hillside is perfect. This choice will ensure that the tent and dew on the grass dry quickly.

If the route passes through forest parks or protected natural areas, the camp can be set up only in places that are specially reserved for this .

Safety conditions for the place of halt and overnight stay

When planning to set up a parking lot in mountainous areas, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of the weather and terrain.

• To avoid landslides, avalanches, rock falls, mudflows, do not stop under eaves, at the foot of rocks or in avalanche couloirs.
• When you see a thunderstorm, you don't have to choose places on top hills, ridges or passes to protect yourself from being struck by lightning.
• To avoid fire it is impossible to set up a tourist camp in areas with dry bushes or in a thicket of coniferous forests. Be aware of a sudden change in the weather, a lightning strike or a flurry that has flown in can knock down rotten trees, and this also applies to cut trees.

How to organize a bivouac

Organization of a small halt

The leader chooses a place that is suitable for a halt, then stops the team and divides the responsibilities between the participants. In most cases, it is enough for one person to entrust the delivery of drinking water, and the other to distribute sandwiches, etc. The rest of the hikers rest for 5-10 minutes after taking off their backpacks. You can rest on fallen trees, stumps, dry soil. It is useful to lie down and lift your legs up, placing them comfortably on a backpack. After rest, it is recommended to do a light workout.

In winter, immediately after stopping, you should put on a warm thing, it can be a padded jacket or a jacket. Also, to warm up, if possible, it is good to drink hot coffee or tea. In winter, a small halt should not last longer than 5 minutes. Do not use your backpack for seating, you can easily crush your belongings and food.

Organizing a lunch break

Several people are already involved in organizing the lunch break. Two bring water, one kindles a fire, the other builds a fire, all the rest go for fuel. When there is already water, firewood and a fire, duty officers are appointed. These are the participants who have to keep the fire going and cook the food. All the rest at this time pick berries or mushrooms, if possible, fish, or just relax or play various sports games.

Lunch break lasts about 2-4 hours. If the weather is sunny, you can dry your equipment and clothes, in rainy weather, you must first choose a site for tents, put all the backpacks in a separate place and cover them with a film or raincoat.

The lunch bivouac in winter is shorter than in summer, its duration depends on how quickly the fire is made and the food is prepared by the attendants. First, the whole group, without removing the lick, needs to trample down the snow on the site where the camp will be. After that, the leader distributes the work to each member of the group. One makes the flooring or digs a pit for the fire, the other is responsible for the brushwood, and the third kindles the fire.

In a winter halt, the main thing is to involve all members of the group in the active participation, this will not allow you to overcool and shorten the duration of the halt.

Organization of day and night in the field

The organization of this type of bivouac is similar to the organization of a lunch break, but already involves more people on duty. Additional tourists on duty are needed to equip the camp. Their function is to prepare fuel for the fire, they also clear the camp area. For a well-equipped camp, benches, dryers and hangers are built. All this is done from improvised materials. Part of the attendants clears the descent to the water if necessary and digs a hole for garbage.

In winter, the attendants also dig a pit for a scarf and ram the path from the fire to the tents. In case of strong wind, a wind protection system is built. Two or three tourists provide the group with "small-format" firewood to keep the tent warm at night, for this they use camping stoves. Organization of a winter hike takes more time (about 3 hours), so you need to make a stop before it gets dark.

Day and night mode

The main thing in the campaign is the correct mode, which will give a normal rest and, importantly, good sleep. It is very nice, especially if you have a good company, to sit by the fire, but it is important not to forget about sleep. Do not sit up until the morning and feel tired the next day. A competent leader should announce the end time in advance, approximately around 22:00. After lights out in the camp, you can not make a lot of noise and talk loudly, so as not to interfere with other participants to rest.

In addition to rest and sleep, in the organization of days and overnight stays, there should be a distribution of time for social work, repair and inspection of clothing and equipment. You also need time for entertainment, exercise, games, training, picking berries and mushrooms. During the day it is good to conduct walks and excursions, they help to get to know the area better.

Breaking camp

The team starts by packing backpacks.

If the weather is bad and it's raining or it's winter time, then backpacks are collected in a tent. If the weather is good, warm and sunny, all things are removed from the tent, while leaving the entrance open so that it dries out, and a backpack is collected outside.

No need to break benches, tables and barriers - they may be needed by other tourist groups. But wooden racks and stakes are placed next to the remains of firewood near the fire.

Collect all rubbish and take it with you. Paper can be burned in a fire. Then put out the fire by flooding it with water, throwing snow or earth at it.

Readiness check

Before leaving the place of spending the night or day, the leader checks the composition of the group, the presence of all things, whether something has been forgotten, whether the place of rest has been removed, whether the fire has been extinguished.

Tip: don't forget to rest on the route! Stick to the regime: 45 minutes on the road - 5 minutes of rest.

Organization of parking

Travelers spend about two-thirds of the hiking time on halts, that is, most of the route falls on parking.

Tourist bivouac- this is a resting place where travelers rest, eat, spend the night, prepare for the further journey; this is the base camp for the radial organization of the route; this is a shelter from bad weather, this is a fire, a hearth, a center for communication, comprehension of the past and planning for the future path. A bivouac is a house in which we live during a hike.

By duration they share small halts (for rest, changing clothes, repairs), lunch halts, overnight stays, days.

In one-day hikes suit only small and lunch halts. For two days or more On long bivouac trips, they also spend the night, and also arrange day trips when they do not move further along the route: they rest, swim, pick berries, mushrooms, fish, take walks, excursions.

Organization of a halt- this is, first of all, the correct and competent choice of a place, good preparation of the site, distribution of work, setting up tents, making a fire or kindling stoves or stoves and, most importantly, ensuring the safety of the parking lot from natural forces and troubles created by the person himself.

On halts, in addition to resting and eating, they repair clothes and equipment, observe nature according to a certain program, keep diary entries (observations, sketches, notes about the route, nature, surroundings). At rest stops, they sing songs, have fun, play sports or train. During halts and days, they gather mushrooms, berries, fish, get acquainted with the surrounding area in more detail, conduct walks and excursions.

In short, most of the camping life is spent on halts.

Small halts- the shortest and simplest pauses and stops along the way - are made mainly for rest after 1-2 hours of travel. Therefore, the place for small halts is determined mainly by the time of transitions. Of course, it is good if small halts fall on fairly flat and dry areas in glades, edges, roadsides and trails. Well positioned at the source of drinking water - a well, a key or a clean stream. When it is windy, it is good to stop in a shelter (a strip of forest, thickets of bushes, a coastal slope, etc.). If time and place contribute to the expanse of mosquitoes and other midges, then it is better to stop in windy areas. In winter, it is better to stay in the sun, and in summer, when it is hot, in the shade.

On a small halt, it is good to eat sour candy, take vitamins, refresh your face, rinse your mouth with cold water; you can drink a few sips of hot tea or coffee from a thermos. You can relax on hiking trips on dry ground, fallen trees, stumps.

In water trips, on the contrary, it makes sense to do a physical workout, run, jump, stretch. A place for a small halt in a water trip, if possible, is chosen in a place convenient for mooring ships, with a dry platform on the shore.

In winter, before stopping, it is necessary to reduce the pace of movement, if it was fast, in order to cool down somewhat. In cold weather, after stopping, you need to put on a warm jacket and sweater. The backpack can be lowered onto plastic wrap, hung on a bough, put on a log, put on your skis. It is desirable to load backpacks so that they can be sat on if necessary without crushing any of the items of equipment or food.

The time of small halts can vary from a few minutes to half an hour.

Lunch breaks- These are longer stops for rest and food. A place for a lunch break is chosen more carefully than for a small one.

In summer it is good to choose a flat area on the bank of a river or lake, where there is dry fuel - brushwood, dead wood, windblow, deadwood. It is desirable to stop on the river above the villages, livestock farms, watering places, fords. The ideal case, which is desirable to strive for, is a calm stretch with convenient descents to the water, with a sandy bottom, without snags.

One of the main conditions for choosing a place for a lunch halt is availability of clean drinking water: well, spring, key. Water from most rivers in the densely populated part of the country is now unsuitable for drinking (drainage from industrial enterprises, livestock farms; washout from fields treated with mineral fertilizers).

In water trips, the same conditions: a convenient berth, a flat, dry area protected from the wind or, conversely, a place that is blown (in the presence of midges).

Good fuel is especially needed on site winter halt. The presence of a source of drinking water (stream, spring, well) is desirable if hot food is prepared, but water can also be obtained from snow.

When stopping for lunch, one or two people go for water, several people procure fuel, one person sets up a fire pit and kindles a fire. The attendants cook dinner, the rest are free - they rest, fish, swim, pick mushrooms, berries.

In sunny weather, at this time, you can dry clothes, tents, and other things.

Duration halt in the summer - at least an hour. In winter, with a short daylight hours, they try to make the lunch break shorter. Its duration depends on the speed of making a fire and cooking. Responsibilities (preparing fuel, making a fire, cooking) are already assigned in advance. All tourists participate in bivouac work in winter, so as not to freeze.

If they dine without a fire (tea, coffee from thermoses, sandwiches, dried fruits), which often happens in winter conditions, especially on multi-day trips (due to saving daylight hours), then lunch lasts less than an hour.

Parking for overnight and day stays

Many years of practice has allowed to develop criteria, which should meet the average parking lot. Parking must have such "fantastic" characteristics:

• 1. Be deserted and located as far as possible from the villages ("we went on a hike to be in nature, and not to push among ..."); to be near the village ("milk would be...", "apples would be...");
• 2. There should be enough fuel in the parking lot, and not just any, but dry spruce.
• 3. Close (well, no further than 20 m) there should be a dense forest.
• 4. This is a place where one could put up a tent in such a way that during the day it was in the shade, and in the morning the sun illuminated it (do not wait until it dries from the dew in the wind).
• 5. Nearby there should be a river with clear water and a sandy beach, as well as a high bank overgrown with pines, and under it full of fish.
• 6. There should not be a high mountain nearby with the threat of a landslide, so that in case of rain or loud enthusiasm about the caught roach, nothing happens.
• 7. Nearby - a spring, in the worst case - a stream with cold water; but that in case of heavy rain it does not turn into a stormy river.
• 8. Berries - a must!
• 9. Mushrooms - by all means!
• 10. Nuts - of course!
• 11. Bushes - bad without them!
• 12. But so that no mosquitoes, no midges, no gadflies, no flies, no ticks, tarantulas, phalanges, no king cobras or vipers.
• 13. The view from the parking lot should please the eye and caress the soul.

And there should be 113 such points.

We won't hide harsh truth: an ideal parking lot that would satisfy all the points is hard to find, and maybe even impossible.

Therefore, if you come across a parking lot that scores 77 points, choose it without hesitation, 41 points - and this will do. Thirteen-point is also not worth neglecting. Finally (which does not happen) a parking lot may turn up that does not satisfy a single point - stop, because you still need to spend the night ...

It is clear that the above "conditions" are an unattainable ideal, to some extent a caricature, a joke, but nevertheless, in every joke ...

In the middle lane country, the main requirement for a bivouac site - security - is almost always easily satisfied. It is more difficult to choose a place convenient and, if possible, picturesque, with the presence of water and firewood. In summer, water is more important in the middle lane; in autumn, winter and spring - firewood, since at this time it is easier to get clean water (any forest puddle is cleaner than a river). It is undesirable, as already noted, to be located on the river bank below large villages, near industrial enterprises, roadways, power lines, near reservoirs with stagnant water.

The place for the camp should be primarily dry.

In the moss taiga forests finding such a place is not easy. It is best to be located near a stream or river, in open places. The breeze blowing through the camp site will protect against midges. In steppe and desert places, on the contrary, it is desirable to set up a camp where there is any vegetation. It is better not to put up tents under a tall sprawling tree, as during a thunderstorm it can easily be struck by lightning. With an impending thunderstorm, do not stop at the ridges, hilltops, passes. You should not set up camp on flooded river banks, in the beds of dry streams, on low-lying islands.

The bivouac is very successfully, if the camp is set in a picturesque place, with convenient approaches to the water, if there is good firewood nearby, the place is protected from the wind in winter and blown in summer (in hot weather or in the presence of mosquitoes). It is not bad if the place of the bivouac is covered and the tents can be stretched between the trees. There should not be tall, rotten trees near the bivouac - they can fall down and fall on people, a fire, tents. It is good if the camp is lit by the sun in the morning (eastern slopes of the hill, eastern edge of the forest, river bank, etc.). Condensation and dew on tents dry out faster here. Of course, it is nice to stay in a picturesque place and where you can also swim.

In winter lodging the main thing- protection from cold, wind, moisture. It is important to ensure proper rest and sleep. You can spend the night in tents, near fires, in snow huts or caves.

A place for a bivouac, especially in the mountains, is necessary choose before dark. In case of a forced stop in the dark or in fog, it is necessary to examine a place within a radius of 200-300 m to make sure it is safe. Before going to bed, you need to check how the tents are strengthened, how property is sheltered from wind and rain.

in winter a bivouac is located where there is fuel, dead wood. The best firewood- these are spruce and pine dried on the vine. Good hardwood sushi is rare, as it rots quickly. Coniferous dry trees are protected from decay by resin. However, it is easy to make a mistake in coniferous dead wood: dead pine may not have time to dry and will burn poorly. In a deciduous forest, it is more difficult to find good firewood for a large fire, which is necessary in winter for a warm overnight stay.

It is necessary to stop in winter before dark in order to choose good sushi and bring them down in the light. It is good if the place of the winter bivouac is protected from the wind by dense undergrowth - better than a spruce forest.

Often in winter shovel snow to the ground for making a fire, less often - for setting up tents; make passages to the fire and the toilet, build a windproof wall of snow, etc.

After choosing a place for a bivouac, immediately decide where the fire will be, if one is planned: then places for tents will be immediately determined. Tents are set up no closer than 4-5 m from the fire, so that sparks do not fall on them.

Bonfires, naturally, they are not bred on peat bogs, under the crowns of trees and on their roots, near stacks of hay or straw, near buildings. It is advisable to make a fire in the place of the old fireplace. Bonfires cannot be made in forest parks and suburban areas, recreation areas, on the territory of wildlife preserves and nature reserves.

Accommodation organization in summer and winter it takes up to two hours; choose a place so you have to before dark. This is especially important in the mountains, since at dusk and at night it is impossible to determine the avalanche danger of the place chosen for the bivouac. In the forest area in the mountains it is necessary to be located away from avalanche clearings. In an open treeless valley a bivouac can be arranged under the protection of rocky walls, on a side terrace under rocky ridges or on southern rocky slopes free of snow, on the middle part of the glacier away from the avalanche-prone northern slopes, under a snow-free slope. If you stop on a closed glacier, then it is necessary to protect the area where cracks are possible. It is better not to be located in crevices with a narrow entrance between stones - it can be littered with snow in a blizzard. To protect from the wind, it is good to set up a tent under a large stone or rock, but without an overhanging snow cornice.

In the mountains, it is necessary to take into account the features of the relief and weather in order to avoid falling under rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, and mudflows. It is forbidden to set up a bivouac on protruding parts of ridges, under cornices and steep slopes, in couloirs and mouth parts of their cones, on fresh (or lying on ice slopes) screes, between seracs and in glacier cracks in the zone of active ice movement.

Bivouac must be calculated to a sudden change in the weather. In anticipation of a thunderstorm, all metal objects should be placed 25-30 m from the parking lot.

It is very tempting to protect the tent from the wind by setting it up under a steep slope, the bank of a stream or river. However, see if a snow cornice hangs over the slope? In bad weather, in conditions of poor visibility, the desire to hide from the wind dulls caution. Better build snow protection wall in an open place, in the wind, in a blizzard, than to be crushed by a collapsed cornice.

In treeless northern regions, in the tundra, on ice (the Polar Urals, the Bolshezemelskaya tundra, etc.), when staying overnight in tents, one always has to build a windproof wall around the tent from snow blocks (blizzard often begins suddenly). Therefore, it is not necessary to stop in places where the snow is blown away or its depth is insufficient to obtain snow "bricks".

There are different opinions about the distance of the wall from the tent. Nevertheless, the wall installed close to the tent protects it better from the wind (Fig. 1), while it will be shorter, but an additional wall must be laid out on the windward side to protect the entrance of the tent.

Rice. 1. Windproof wall of snow blocks

In the mountains, when choosing a place to stay overnight, it is preferable hottest of the day southern and western slopes. Here you need to choose a relatively flat area, preferably in the forest, sheltered from the wind. In the forest in cold weather, the temperature is several degrees higher, and the wind strength is less than in open places. By morning, the difference in temperature and humidity in the forest and in open areas is even greater.

In all depressions of the relief, cold air accumulates at night. Tents, awnings, huts it is better to put it on high ground to keep the tent from flooding in the rain.

spend the night in the floodplain do not do it. The strip that is flooded with flood waters can be identified by a pile of logs, branches, roots, and grass polished by water. Especially dangerous are the islands between the channels, spilling over a wide floodplain. In mountain gorges, blockages from trunks, branches, and roots can form. The water accumulating behind them breaks through the blockage and rushes down a shaft several meters high. The rate of rise in the water level, even in the lower reaches of the gorge, is such that it is impossible to get away from the flood, especially when arranging an overnight stay on the island.

When forced to choose accommodation places on the slopes it is necessary to adhere to the platforms on the ridges, but not in the hollows, where the descent of loose stones is possible. In winter, these places are prone to avalanches. The places where stones fell are usually marked by dents in trees, traces of blows to executions with stone chips and dust around.

Before the storm(development of striped cumulonimbus clouds, stuffiness, calm) do not stop on the crests of the ridges and under tall trees protruding above the background of the forest.

In the dense forest it is better to avoid places where many tree trunks are burned by lightning; more often than other trees, lightning strikes oaks and chestnuts, much less often - beeches, hornbeams, maples.

It is necessary to carefully examine the trees near the place of the proposed bivouac, to identify dry and unstable trunks, dry overhanging branches. Strong gusts of wind can break branches, branches, trees.

Water source should be close to the bivouac site. In dry time (July - September) the springs may be dry. During a prolonged drought, the middle and lower reaches of mountain rivers in places of gravel-pebble deposits can dry up completely, the water flows in the thickness of sediments.

Water can be found in shady gorges, where the bed of streams is made by rocky soil. More often, the springs are located at the head of the hollows.

The place of seepage of groundwater - the hollow can be dug out with a sharp object (ice ax) and wait for the water to settle.

Near the source, the brightness of the foliage is greater. Moisture-loving plants - reeds, cattails - can indicate water.

If the water level is lower than it is possible to get to the bottom, then it is possible to collect adsorption water with the help of a film (Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. Collection of adsorption water

When choosing a bivouac site on water trips it is desirable that the river bank be convenient for mooring and carrying out ships, there should be a platform for placing ships, tents, and a fire. It is advisable to look for a site in blown places (in the presence of midges) and at a sufficient height (3-4 m) above the water level, if its rapid rise is possible. This should be taken into account when you want to stay on the island. To choose a place for a bivouac, the attendants begin half an hour before the planned end of the working day, examining the place from the shore. It is advisable to use the old parking lots and bonfires.

Even after following all the above advice, need to to avoid misunderstandings and false insults remember that the desire for the best parking will haunt you throughout your tourist life, but it is almost impossible to achieve the ideal.

The fact is that when choosing a parking lot, some discovered by Felix Quadrigin absolute laws. The basic law of parking is harsh and simple, as all the laws of nature are harsh and simple: the best parking is five hundred meters away.

There are several other secondary laws that also cannot be neglected. The first of them - half past six law, which means that the best parking comes across at half past six in the evening.

The law has two more conclusions: a parking lot that comes across at half past seven will be a little worse, and after half past eight parking lots disappear altogether.

And again, this "law", like the sketch of a water trip below, is not only a joke, but also a reality, albeit somewhat exaggerated. In life it happens like this and that.

"It has been repeatedly noted that the time from five to half-past nine in the evening is a real luxury. The sun shines and even warms, but does not bake. Winds - but what's the wind, the breeze! - not the slightest. Water is a mirrored showcase of the central department store. The river straightens and flows even and calm. Gadflies already, but no mosquitoes yet. Thick evening smells roll in waves from the banks. Only now you fully feel the bliss of a canoe trip!

Therefore, we agreed at home, before the campaign, and after that we confirmed it with reusable oaths already on the campaign: we go every evening from five to half past nine. Earlier than at half past eight, do not mention the stop. Don't even hint! Until half past nine, the word "parking" does not exist in our language at all. Absolutely no!

But the law is the law. And at 18.30 you notice that the first kayak begins to wiggle the steering wheel lecherously. Those who go ahead, of course, saw the parking lot. And what! I have no words! Do not describe! You dreamed of such a camp when you discussed your future trip in the long winter evenings.

Meanwhile, the captain of the first kayak, having been previously warned and intimidated by the Admiral, calmed the excitement of the crew with a stern jerk, judiciously silent that he himself was also experiencing a spiritual vibration. The kayak resolutely moves forward. Vibrations are suspended! Temptation overcome! But here a second kayak notices a potential parking lot. The opening is accompanied by the rattle of striking oars, the ship turns across the current, the rest of the flotilla runs into the kayak. The reason for the failure is obvious. After not very friendly, but loud and enthusiastic exclamations, a conspiracy spontaneously arises against the Admiral, who, as a rule, goes on the last kayak.

The admiral, who has lost his vigilance due to the extraordinary beauty of the landscape, does not have time to maneuver and crashes into a cluster of ships.

What's the matter? - not very well he plays the misunderstanding of the moment.

With joyful cries, the Admiral is explained that only completely irresponsible and too high-minded leaders can miss such a parking lot. Thus, the conversation immediately begins in terms of hard and irreconcilable contradictions between the boss and subordinates.

No, just look, there in the depths, you can even see from the water, the berries are reddening, the mushrooms are crowding, but the source, no, you admire the source - well, what's your "Samson"!

Admiral. But today we still have twelve kilometers left. People (convincingly and insincerely). Tomorrow we'll get up at five and catch up!

Admiral (laughs bitterly). You? Will you get up? At five? The people understand that the case is lost. The admiral gives the command:

An hour later, one by one, two worse parking lots appear. The kayak captains, casting interested glances at the Admiral, are silent and continue on their way. Meanwhile, the landscape is steadily deteriorating. First, it recedes to the horizon, and then the forest disappears. The bush is disappearing. Temptingly gently sloping banks begin to rise, and finally the river is between two ribbons of absolutely bare rocks. At half past nine, the landscape becomes quite ominous. True, put the right bank, but even from the water you can see that there is a black quagmire. On the rocks of the left bank, it’s not just pulling out kayaks, it’s “frosty” for an experienced climber to look at them.

The admiral sends his kayak forward with strong strokes, and the whole group watches with sadness how, three hundred meters away, he fussily sticks first to one bank, then to the other, how he gets stuck in the coastal swamp or, at best, drives away a herd of cows with a loud bass, which is unknown where did they come from, vaguely shakes his head, gets into the ship and rushes on. At a quarter to ten, the admiral's silhouette clearly emerges against the backdrop of a huge cold month, a victorious cry is heard: "Ze-e-blah-i-i!" The cavalcade slowly and wearily approaches the place chosen by the authorities.

Parking is really nothing. Forests, however, are not visible, fuel - too. The nearest bushes, no, bushes, are two hundred meters away. But there are very, very many traces of cows, horses, geese and some other unknown, but, judging by specific signs, very large herbivores.

But you don't have to choose. I would rather put up tents, light a fire and cook something!"

On bike trips if the group is provided with tents, bicycles are attached next to the tent in one dense group. The second one leans against the first car so that the rear wheel of the second one is next to the front wheel of the first one, and so on. In inclement weather, cars can be covered with foil.

For safety bicycles must be locked with special locks. You can also stretch a chain between the racks of the trunks or the frames of the extreme cars and hang a lock on its ends.

If a city tour is provided, it is still better to spend the night in the countryside, before reaching the city. In the morning you can already be in the city, and then, after getting to know the sights, leave it to spend the night "in nature" again.

On motorcycle trips It is advisable to choose a place to stay overnight. so that after the rain you can go on the road without assistance. Preferred hillocks in a pine forest, where the soil is usually sandy and always dry. It is desirable that when leaving the road it is not necessary! had to overcome the clay slope. It is good to have a rest away from the noisy round-the-clock highway. It is better to avoid fords, however attractive the place on the other side may be; it may rain at night and it will be difficult to overcome the water in the morning.

On road trips, if the group travels in 4-5 cars, you can stop for the night at any place by setting the watch. You can stop near housing, on the territory of a road foreman, school, police station, fire station. It is best to stay in campsites, where there is security and a number of amenities - a hearth for cooking, a shower, a toilet. The campsites have inspection pits and car washes.

It is necessary to kindle a fire, stove or stove further from the car, so that the wind blows from the car to the fire.

It is better to explore the city on foot, leaving the cars for storage.

bivouac work

bivouac work should occupy minimum possible time. The sooner they are completed, the more time will be left for rest and movement, that is, for the trip itself. At the same time, there is no need to save time due to the quality of work, the convenience of rest, and the reduction of sleep.

The weight of the work at the bivouac (preparing firewood, water, setting up tents, making a fire, lighting a stove or stove, cooking) is highly desirable run in parallel, that is, simultaneously.

As soon as the fire is lit, buckets of water are hung over the fire. If a bivouac is without a fire, but with stoves or stoves, then pots or buckets are immediately placed on them.

Each of the works at the bivouac is performed participants who are entrusted with it. Separate works are usually entrusted to those who "specialized" in them, for whom they are better and faster. But if any type of work is harder than others, then it is better to do them in turn, for example, preparing firewood for a winter campfire. In multi-day hikes, when the conditions are approximately the same, it is better to distribute work in advance so that all participants "pass" through all types of work. For example, today two people are on duty - they kindle and maintain a fire, work with a stove or stoves, cook food; tomorrow they procure fuel ("loggers"), and the day after tomorrow they set up tents ("housebuilders"). Thus, everyone does everything, learns all the tourist work, no one has a reason to be offended. Naturally, women should not be engaged in heavy work, such as felling, cutting and carrying trees.

With good organization work at the bivouac is usually completed by the time dinner is ready. At the same time, there is enough time for rest and sleep.

It is necessary to distribute work at the bivouac immediately upon arrival at the place or even earlier. Operating procedure depends on the type of tourism and specific conditions, on the number of people in the group and their experience. In a similar group, there is no special need for the Leader to distribute and manage work, experienced tourists immediately see what needs to be done first of all in each case.

If there is little dead wood and fallen trees on the site of the bivouac, then more people prepare firewood; if it is coming or it is already raining, then immediately put up tents.

On ski trips in treeless areas first of all, they prepare snow bricks and blocks for a windproof wall, put up a tent and build a wall around it, taking into account the expected weather (from the windward side or surrounding the entire tent to its maximum height). IN winter taiga hikes priority work - procuring fuel and setting up tents or equipping a place to sleep (arranging a camp - compacting a site for a tent, preparing a fire and paths to it and a toilet, installing awnings, flooring, etc.). In water trips, first of all, ships are unloaded and carried ashore.

In a similar group all work goes without unnecessary fuss and, as it were, slowly. Nevertheless, setting up the camp from the moment of stopping until the end of all evening work takes no more than two, and sometimes one and a half hours, which is quite good. The same time should take the folding of the camp in the morning (from the rise to the exit). In such a group, people do not sit idle while others work, but look for it, helping others, until the work is completed. Should be a rule do not rummage through other people's backpacks(you’re unlikely to find the right thing anyway), and return what was taken from a comrade to his hands.

On duty who prepare food in the morning(preferably the same ones that were prepared the night before), get up half an hour (or more) before the general rise. Everything you need to build a fire or kindle stoves and stoves (kindling, firewood, water, food) is prepared in the evening. Firewood must be covered at night from rain or dew; water, if winter, prepare in the evening, and if the source is far away, then in summer too.

It makes sense to appoint on duty "for this bivouac", then both in the evening and in the morning they know where everything lies and how it is better than to use it. It is better to start duty with lunch, and end with breakfast.

All participants, except for those on duty, can almost be "packed", and the camp is mostly rolled up before breakfast. When breakfast is ready, all work is interrupted so as not to delay the attendants and the exit in general. Desirable so that past or future attendants wash the buckets after eating, since today's duty officers already have a lot to do.

Leave bivouac so that others want to stay here and they would not have to look for another site, build a fire in a fresh place and re-equip everything. Burn the garbage, bury the burnt cans, put the pegs from the tents and the remaining firewood near the fire. After cleaning the bivouac, be sure to fill the fire with water or cover it with earth, even if the fire is lit away from trees and forests. This rule must not be violated, because, having violated it once, it is easy to allow yourself to be violated again.

Unextinguished bonfire in the forest is a crime.

Leaving, inspect the bivouac - if things are forgotten. The bivouac is inspected by those on duty or those who are entrusted with it, otherwise everyone can rely on others.

Accommodations

In summer usually spend the night in tents or under awnings, winter you can spend the night by the fire, under a canopy or awning, on a fire pit, in a tent without a stove, in a tent with a stove for heating, in a tent with primus stoves for cooking (in treeless areas).

Each of these ways of lodging for the night has its own Advantages and disadvantages.

Sleeping by the fire the weight of equipment for overnight accommodation is small (awning, axes, saws, buckets), but the work on arranging a winter bivouac is very laborious - harvesting thick logs for a fire requires a lot of effort, and the overnight stay is not very comfortable and warm.

Overnight in a tent with a stove, adapted for heating and cooking, gives the best rest, the greatest comfort, but requires special equipment - a stove, the manufacture of which is not possible for everyone. At the same time, the preparation of firewood does not take much time and effort: one medium-sized dry land is enough to provide the stove with fuel for the evening, night and morning.

In treeless areas there is nothing to make a fire from and there is nothing to "feed" the stove with either. This can happen not only in uninhabited tundra, steppe or desert areas, but vice versa, in densely populated places where on the banks of picturesque rivers, lakes and reservoirs near big cities, numerous vacationers have long burned all dry dead wood, dead wood and dry branches of trees (and some where even the living trees themselves). In these cases, tourists have to take with them camp stoves("bumblebee", "tourist") with a supply of gasoline, less often - gas stoves.

For a group of 9-11 people, two "bumblebee" primus stoves and gasoline are enough from an approximate calculation of 1 liter per day in winter and 0.7 liters in summer and autumn. If you cook on stoves in a large tent, then even. in winter, when it is frosty, there will be a positive temperature in the tent while the stoves are working. In the tent, a special corner is set aside for primus stoves - the kitchen, under which it is desirable to have a small threshold from above and from the sides. In a tent where a stove is heated or stoves are working, they make hole at the top for ventilation, smoke and water vapour. When kindling, installing and removing buckets, the stove always smokes a little, buckets and pots, when water boils in them and food is cooked, always soar a little, especially with the lids removed. Therefore, if you do not make holes, then it will be smoky in the tent, and the walls will sweat.

Some designs of tents, including large collective ones, and stoves for heating and cooking are described in the section on bivouac equipment.

When using stoves and stoves, it is necessary to observe security measures. The pipe from the stove passes through a hole in the roof or wall of the tent. around the pipe canvas tent replace with non-combustible asbestos or fiberglass by 15-20 cm. A spark arrester-deflector is put on the pipe outside the tent. In tents made of nylon fabric, stoves cannot be used: despite the presence of spark arresters, a small part of the sparks can fall on the nylon and burn it through.

Primuses and gas stoves carefully adjust before the hike. On the route, their work is always monitored by one participant, who has studied them well and adjusted them before the trip. He must teach everyone else the proper handling of stoves and gas stoves.

kindle stoves desirable outside the tent, or, in extreme cases, in the winter in the "kitchen", behind the canopy.

A word about a day

What could be better than a day trip? Daytime attracts any tourist. Everyone has their own plans and hopes associated with it. The fisherman will finally find a use for his tackle, mushroom pickers and berry pickers will be able to satisfy their desires, women will prepare a demonstration of outfits, do laundry, mending, cooking exotic, "holiday" dishes; trackers can look for "footprints of unseen beasts".

In order to satisfy the desires of all participants, the day must meet some additional requirements apart from the normal parking requirements.

The main one is "preservation" of the day. It is desirable that the camp be set up in a place where "no man's foot has yet set foot". This requirement is sometimes quite difficult to fulfill. There is only one thing left: to find a place fenced off from the whole world by "impenetrable" mountains or swamps.

Equally important is the quality of the day as originality. I mean the features that are unique to this place, which will be remembered forever: some features of the relief, a picturesque landscape, a high mountain with a "viewing" peak that opens up distant distances, a cozy river, a pine forest ...

But, of course, with all this, it is not the sharp moments and the exotic that leave the greatest impression. Not with your mind, but with your heart, you remember the quiet splash of the river near your bivouac, the nightingale night, the sensitive silence of the sleeping forest, and the first rays of the sun, which at first hesitantly, and then more and more boldly, break out from behind thick bushes. This is what you will dream about on winter nights, this is what will make your heart skip a beat at the word "day", this is what will call you on your next trip, despite all the administrative, family and other obstacles and circumstances.

The day should be such that you feel sorry for leaving here, so that you leave a part of your soul here.

Forced days doesn't have to be bad. Let continuous rain pour for several days, let the blizzard rage endlessly. But nothing will forbid you to think and think about the problems that are important to you. You will never have any other free time. In addition, working in the camp in the rain, building a fire, for example, will remain an exciting activity.

An unforeseen day trip can be both reserved and unique, because a natural disaster can force you to set up a bivouac where "a gray wolf will not run, and a black raven will not fly by." And the memory of her will not be erased.

But the very next day after "sitting" this memory will acquire light and lyrical tones; is it necessary to convince that as you move away from the place of the day, it will seem more and more attractive and sweet?

The thoroughness of the choice of a bivouac depends on the time for which a stop is made on it. Hence the natural gradation of bivouacs according to the time for which the stop is made:

• bivouac for a short rest stop, for waiting for stragglers or waiting for scouts (and so on) for 10-20 minutes,
• bivouacs for a long stop for 2-3 hours - usually a "lunch" bivouac or a "technical" bivouac for some reason (for assistance, for shuttle transfers of cargo, for a difficult crossing, etc.)
• bivouacs for camping overnight
• bivouacs for half days and days
• bivouacs of intermediate camps of climbers
• bivouacs for base camps of mass gatherings of tourists and climbers
• bivouacs of stationary camps.

The higher on this scale, the higher the requirements for a bivouac in all respects, but each type has its own specifics.

For example, a bivouac for days, half days and base camps is planned and chosen especially carefully - the place should be picturesque and exotic: with mushrooms, berries, narzan, hot springs, a lake, beautiful views. So that there is something to remember, what to shoot on photos and videos. A meeting on a hike with a picturesque place or a place convenient for training for meaningful rest should raise a question inside the leader: “Maybe it’s worth stopping here, if the time and conditions of the trip allow? ..”

A significant part is spent on bivouacs, and taking into account the sleep time, sometimes most of the hiking time, which is especially pleasant in mountain tourism after carrying a heavy backpack. In the backpack-villain, the tourist carries his bivouac. Which in the stowed position should be light and small in volume, because you have to carry it on yourself for most of the trip. Unlike tourists, climbers do not always carry a tent and bivouac equipment for climbing - they often climb during one daylight hours, returning to their original field bivouac or to the alpine camp.

A set of bivouac equipment includes technical means for lodging and working on a bivouac, a tent, a kitchen set, sleeping and washing sets. This is part of the "constant" load on the tourist with a "full loadout", and fuel for burners and stoves is part of the "variable" component of weight (as well as food). The weight of the constant component should be tried to reduce

The main task in organizing a camping bivouac is to create a safe and comfortable habitat for life, work, good rest, training and pleasure at stops.

A place for a bivouac should allow you to quickly place group members, temporary or stationary dwellings, provide the group with clean water and, preferably, fuel for a fire. Provide protection from wind and sun and facilitate protection from rain and snow, without which it is impossible to feel completely comfortable.

If the bivouac is installed in an inconvenient place, it requires additional time and additional efforts to equip it, - the place must be chosen taking into account the labor costs for installation. Often you can save time and effort if you stop in time, or move forward a little. Therefore, it is recommended to establish a bivouac after a little reconnaissance - often this way you can find a very good option. For example, a small reconnaissance to the side at the exit to the Oksana pass (Sugansky ridge of the Central Caucasus) led to a large plateau with comfortable accommodation sites.

The safety requirements for bivouacs are more stringent than the usual safety requirements for being on mountainous terrain (they, of course, include the usual safety requirements for mountainous terrain) - in this sense, the tension of the meanders is necessary.

A certain part of the accidents on the route happen at the bivouac - mainly due to unsuccessful installation.

Accidents at the bivouac are related to the vulnerability of the dwelling to the elements: from poor protection from the wind (open place), from rockfalls, avalanches and mudflows (on dangerous slopes), from rain and snow (wet place: leaks under tents) ... Examples of accidents at bivouacs are given below in the articles "Bivouac Avalanche" and "Bivouac Accident".

The general requirement: nothing should fall from the top of the mountain to the bivouac, and the bivouac itself and nothing from the bivouac should not fall down. Nothing should leak under things and tents. The place for the bivouac must be protected from the wind. Tents are set up to the wind with the deaf, least sail side. In open areas of the gorges, it is possible to install sideways, - the mountain-valley wind usually changes direction in the morning and evening (in the afternoon, in case of stable weather, mainly up the gorge along the slope - valley breeze, in the morning and at night - mainly down the gorge - mountain wind, or wind from the mountains - it is a colder wind). Therefore, it is not necessary to set up a tent with the entrance up the gorge.

It is dangerous to set up bivouacs, especially with tents:

• under rockfall slopes: in the couloirs and, especially, in the narrowing of the couloirs (even short-term delays are dangerous), above and below the alluvial fans, under the “roofs” of the cliff walls (from which stones roll), under and above the cliffs of the moraines
• under and on avalanche-prone slopes (including avalanche cones), and on all snowy slopes on which stones fall from above
• under hanging glaciers and snowfields in shallow caravans
• under ice slopes on which stones lie (thawing and rolling of stones is possible)
• under and over snow cornices, under and over ice vents and seracs (example: accident at Skovoroda under Lenin Peak in 1990, 43 people, including 16 people from Troshchinenko’s team, collapse of an ice vent)
• on the ledges of hanging glaciers, near the coastal cliffs of rivers and moraines, - here the danger increases sharply with prolonged rains (the case under the a / l "Bezengi" from L. Borevich is described in the story "Mudflow!"), - when the danger of mudflows generally increases ( including the danger of outburst mountain lakes)
• in dry beds of rivers and streams, in floodplains - in the rain they turn into "strong" streams
• on the ridges in a thunderstorm (danger of being struck by lightning)
• on the edge of ice cracks.

No, even short delays on potentially dangerous slopes can not be done - any bivouac is organized only in safe places. It should be noted that it is difficult to identify the rockfall or avalanche hazard of a slope in the dark or fog - this must be taken into account, and in conditions of poor visibility, a deliberately safe place should be chosen.

Example. When descending from the Sev.Belag pass (1986) into the narrowing of the alluvial cone, where for some time there was an insurance point, after 30 minutes a fallen off rock collapsed. The delay could be fatal

With unsuccessful bivouac locations, very serious accidents are possible: avalanches and rockfalls on bivouacs, freezing of people due to accidents with tents and loss of equipment (examples: Dyatlov accident, 2 accidents on Lenin Peak in 1974 and 1990, an accident on Elbrus ...).

The most convenient places for setting up tents:

• dry clearings in the forest, where it is impossible for trees (especially dry ones) to fall on tents and lightning strikes into the largest trees and large trees to fall from the wind (rarely happens, but it can be in strong winds)
• moraine pockets - recesses between a moraine and a glacier
• glacial pockets, - the edge of the glacier away from the cliffs of moraines or under protection from rockfall from large stones or moraine ridges of lateral and surface moraines
• glacial plateaus, - far from dangerous slopes and extremity breaks
• sites near moraine lakes and in cirque depressions on slopes (including under ridge crests)
• platforms on ridge ledges of rocks
• troughs (trough-shaped valleys) and mouth steps of gorges (understand?)
• balconies protected by rocky ledges, canopies and canopies of solid monoliths.

Bivouacs for long stops for lunch sometimes have to be made in rainy conditions. Without setting up tents, it is advisable to hang ropes on trees horizontally, stretch the ropes on trees, on stones, on ski poles or tent arches, and hang awnings from tents on them, like on a skate (tree trunks can be used in the forest zone). Take shelter under the awnings and dine. With a strong wind, the option is problematic - it is preferable to simply put up tents. Or walk in the rain until the evening stop, if the transitions are not too difficult, downhill.

Now about setting up tents. The leader of the group must plan in advance the approximate location of the bivouac and calculate the schedule of movement so as to be there on time. If the group stops "anywhere", spends a lot of time preparing a bivouac - this is a flaw in the tactical plan. Of course, on very difficult routes, this happens simply because of the complexity of the terrain.

Wind protection tenting is always desirable and obligatory in strong winds. It is necessary to choose protected places, mainly on leeward slopes, with protection by natural relief folds: rocks, moraine crests, scree hills, etc. Strongly blown places (open, on windy slopes and on ridges) can be dangerous (tents can be torn, demolished). Partial protection of tents is achieved by setting up in the snow in a stormy way, with a depth of half a meter or more, as well as using windproof walls made of snow and stones. In the latter case, of course, the wall must be stable enough not to collapse onto the tent - the walls of stones are set low to protect the lower part of the tent from direct wind. Partial wind protection is achieved by a good, streamlined shape of the tents. Any dwelling should be effectively protected from the wind.

strengthening tents is achieved by carefully fixing the rods on pegs, large stones, on ice axes, ski poles, rock and ice hooks, crampons. Equipment frozen in the snow at night can be difficult to dig out - here you need to be careful not to damage it or lose it. Numerous cases of tents falling over at night in the rain due to fixation on small stones. Do not be lazy to carry heavy stones. Water at the bivouac from small streams and snow must be prepared in the evening, since the “water supply” in the ice zone freezes at night, and it is much more difficult to melt water from frozen snow than from wet (evening) snow.

Ventilation dwellings should ensure normal life in high mountains. Poor ventilation can be dangerous by poisoning with products of respiration and combustion in conditions of hypoxia (oxygen starvation) at altitude.

fire hazard Camping dwellings should be provided with fire precautions. Primus must be refueled outside the tents, away from the fire (cases of dangerous fire with serious consequences are described in the article "Fire! The element of fire.").

Availability of water in the bivouac, - rivers, streams should also be assessed in advance. Usually in mountainous conditions, water is not a problem, especially in the presence of snowfields. But in years with little snow and at the end of summer in dry weather, many streams and rivers dry up, and in some parts of the gorges there may be problems with water if the traffic sections are far from the main river.

So, the leader sees a suitable, convenient and safe place to set up the camp, takes off his backpack and gives the command: “Get up!”. I don't think he should tell the participants where to put the tents, let them choose them themselves. And you should not occupy the best site yourself "by right of the first", - let his fellow tents choose it "on common rights". But if someone has chosen a place unsuccessfully, they should point out the mistake (for example: a recess, water can flow here, or: a dry channel, what if it flows here at night?). Visually, the leader can check the quality of the tent fastenings (for example, point out the small size of the stones).

It is advisable to teach a group of beginners in the campaign how to set up bivouacs in uncomfortable places on the slopes, - leveling sites on screes, on rock ledges, and on snowfields.

The leader can (unobtrusively) recommend to the attendants a place for a fire pit, a dining table and a kitchen: a small platform that protects the stove well from the wind. It happens that you have to level the sites on screes, laying out stones, adding gravel and conglomerate, trampling with boots. Fuel is placed separately from food, away from the kitchen and the fire in a protected place. Products and things in deserted places are usually stored near tents (under awnings), putting them in large plastic bags (everyone should have a couple of such bags with them) - this saves space in the tent. It is necessary to remove things in the tent quickly. On a camping trip during storage and IN A BACKPACK, AND IN A PACKING BAG, AND IN A TENT (!) each thing should have its place, so that it can be easily found and retrieved. Things are stacked so that it is comfortable to lie so as not to damage them. A camera - in a helmet or bowl, ... along the walls of the tent, at the feet, under the head: durable objects ...

Bivouac work. The speed of action at the bivouac when stopping and exiting largely depends on the correct packing of things in the backpack. Things must be quickly removed, used and stowed.

About packing things at the bivouac in a backpack. Deep in the backpack, you can pack only things that are not needed on the transitions: products for the following days, spare clothes, sleeping items. Special equipment and all weather protection should be on top and bivouac items should be close enough. Common beginner mistakes: deep stacking of things needed in transitions and a disordered, ill-conceived stacking system when it is done in a new way each time. Ordered, well-thought-out packing drastically speeds up the process of camping collection: if some of the things are already packed in packages, it does not take time to stuff "small things" and subsequently to search for them. If the order of laying and the place of each thing are known, there is no need to rethink them, the laying is fast, compact and convenient without shifting, searching and thinking. Unreasonable replacement of packaging during storage is also a mistake: for the convenience of searching, each set or item or set must be stored in its own packaging, different from others in shape, color, size.

Long and distant absences from the bivouac are prohibited , - you can only leave so that you are quickly found and that you quickly find a bivouac (this applies, first of all, to beginners in the mountains - there were cases when new participants were lost in an unfamiliar environment and they had to be searched for). Leave only with permission and with an agreement: where, for how long and not alone. To gather for a meal immediately at the command of the attendants - do not create problems for yourself and your comrades in the distribution of food, and no one will reheat food for you. It is necessary to respect the work of the duty officers and the leader and not create problems with undisciplined behavior.

Campfire site : dry area, preferably without grass (on sand, on a conglomerate, on a former fire pit, it is impossible under the crowns and on the roots of trees, on a peat bog (especially from needles: Tien Shan). There are rules for making fires (found in the literature), - them the meaning is to ensure that the fire does not damage the plantings, is not bred on a fire hazardous basis, and after use is carefully extinguished, flooded and dug up.

The types of campfires are determined by the location of the firewood: "hut", "well", "taiga", "fireplace", "Polynesian" (in the hole), "star", "cannon", "nodya" (used in strong winds), "primus". In mountain hikes with a shortage of fuel, bonfires of the “fireplaces” type made of stones are usually used. To do this, you can make the simplest folding taganok in the form of a frame made of titanium or stainless steel, extremely lightweight (thin tubes or profiles are drilled). It is possible to build a drying fire (a wall of dry logs with racks hammered into the ground, pulled together with wire). Drying by the fire should be carried out carefully: rotozei can lose their shoes (the fire quickly eats up a boot that has fallen into it - when it smells strongly of rubber, it will be too late).

The place of the bivouac at the exit of the group must be carefully removed from debris. Part of the garbage must be burned by the attendants, and part must be packed in a garbage bag for carrying down to the landfill. The place of the fire must be carefully filled with water.

At the training camp, do not detain those who carry the tent and quickly release it from their belongings. Help the attendants clean their tent. In the rain, sometimes you have to pack backpacks in tents, and under the awnings of tents - the tents are removed last, just before the exit.

When the tent is destroyed, it is necessary to be able to build a temporary dwelling, using all available opportunities. First of all, for protection from the wind: a snow cave, a snow hut (igloo), a pit or trench, a hut. Of course, a hole and a trench can be dug in dense snow - you need to find a section of such snow. The shelter roof can be made from poles, from (what else?): climbing sticks, from whole arcs of tent frames. An awning from the tent is placed on the ceiling and pressed with snow bricks. A chum or hut is made from bundles of trunks, an awning (tent) is placed on top and covered with spruce branches, snow. To build a shelter, you need to have bivouac equipment: a shovel and a hacksaw (knife) for snow. Snow can be cut with an ice ax, and ice-fifi and pot lids, and you can dig snow with pots.

For more information about the construction of shelters and shelters, see the article "Bivouac accident" below.

Typically, tents are considered public equipment and are counted in the general order. We had a case in one of the last trips, when tents were considered personal equipment, and the participants distributed the weight of the tents among themselves - such accounting somewhat overloads the girls from those tents where there are more of them. It happens that families want to live in their own tent.

The usual work at the bivouac:

• Arrangement of a bivouac
• Cooking and washing dishes
• Drying clothes and equipment: usually in the sun, in the wind, in some cases - by the fire. Do not keep in the sun for a long time: the fabrics burn out and the fibers deteriorate. Equipment is hung on ropes, laid out on stones and on grass.
• Repair of clothes, shoes and equipment and its preparation.

When leaving the folded bivouac, the trailing member of the group must check the parking lot for the absence of forgotten things. And everyone remembers: is everything in place (cases of forgetting watches, seats and other “little things” in places of washing and good-natured rest are not uncommon). It is useful to remind everyone about this when leaving.

A bivouac on a difficult terrain requires additional time for arranging: pulling and dragging stones, excavating the site with ice axes and leveling the site with your feet.

A somewhat special type of bivouac is a bivouac in a resort town. Where to put it at night? The hotel option is associated with an increased fee. But sometimes for a small fee - we got up in Teberda at the bus station hotel. And sometimes, and with increased: the station in Pyatigorsk. You can make an attempt to stay at a local camp site, a rescue base or a climbers' transshipment base, at a campsite (if any) - these places may now be refused, or they may offer payment options. You can try to negotiate with the rescuers - they are their own people, they can help. A fairly simple option is possible: leaving the city by bus or train and a regular overnight stay in the field, in a forest belt. If you need to cook dinner and breakfast, don't forget to buy bottled water. Do not take water from rivers and streams to avoid infection: jaundice is a common thing. If necessary, you can organize duty to guard the camp at night (theft of things is possible). It is advisable to put all things in tents, but this does not always save you from theft. In the city during the day, backpacks are handed over to the storage room at the station.

Climbers on very difficult terrain are now installing platforms - special light and durable platforms connected to a tent awning. And they spend the night in platforms, which are essentially suspended tents with a rigid support frame. The platform is suspended on rocks in areas protected from rockfalls and avalanches.

Typical injuries at the bivouac are associated with the unsuccessful operation of heating devices: fires and burns. Loss of equipment: as a result of burning shoes, socks.

Bivouac equipment: kitchen utensils (primus stoves with a supply of fuel or multi-fuel burners, spare parts), sets of tents (tent, awning, arcs, pegs, rug, seat, lantern), a set of public utensils, campfire equipment: an ax, a hacksaw, a taganok, cable with hooks, snow equipment: a shovel, a knife (the same hacksaw).

The decisive dilemma of a bivouac accident: what to save - your life, or habitat - bivouac and equipment. Often, the loss of bivouac equipment (habitat) in difficult weather conditions leads to a complete disaster and the death of the entire group.

), due to the need for a long stay in the natural environment.

Types of bivouacs

Depending on the conditions of the location for the night, the bivouac can be:

Bivouac equipment refers to special equipment (tents, rugs, karimats, folding beds, sleeping bags, cooking equipment, etc.) that people carry/carry with them.

The organization of a bivouac without bivouac equipment is possible when the possibilities of the bivouac location are used.

Ways to organize a bivouac without bivouac equipment:

Each sport has its own peculiarities of organizing bivouacs.

In rally raids, in particular on rally marfons (DAKAR, SilkWay, Abu Dhabi Desert Challenge, Rally OiLybya du Maroc), bivouacs are located in places convenient for participants, not far from airfields, or directly on the territory of airports (airfields).

At some rally marathons, the bivouac is permanently located in one place. This is convenient from the point of view of the lack of daily movements of mechanics, allows service teams to rest after night work with equipment until the athletes arrive after the finish of the next SS (Special Section).

On rally marathons, which do not take place locally and cross long distances (countries, continents), lasting a week or more, bivouacs are constantly moving from city to city. The location of bivouacs at rally marathons is necessarily located on the territory of airports (airfields), since a large number of journalists and support equipment are transported by air.

Every day at dawn, all heavy technical and escort vehicles move to a new bivouac site, which can be located at a distance of 200 to 1000 km.

Before the arrival of the first participant in the race, the bivouac must already be built and fully functional (amenities, showers, food) and this is not an easy task for the organizers of the marathon. Therefore, in recent times, bivouacs have been built and provided according to the principle "through one", i.e. all the equipment and people working at the bivouac sites, leaving today from one place, are not sent to the bivouac, where the race participants will arrive this evening, but through one.

Participants of the competition independently resolve issues with an overnight stay, using tents, motorhomes, trailer houses, etc. for this.

The real spirit of the rally marathon can be felt and understood only by spending the night from the start to the finish of the race on a bivouac, falling asleep under the roar of working tools and generators...

Bivouac in mountaineering and climbing

The organization of a bivouac in mountaineering and rock climbing depends on the features of the relief, altitude, difficulty of the route, and climatic conditions. The organization of a bivouac also involves the use of equipment for cooking hot food: compact gas stoves (burners), special pots, autoclaves.

When climbing high mountains, special high-mountain tents are used that are resistant to strong winds and frost.

When climbing in high mountains, snow compacted by the wind, firn for the construction of windproof walls or an igloo - a snow hut - are also used to organize a bivouac. If the relief and time allow, then sometimes they dig caves in the snow.

When climbing steep sheer walls, when it is not possible to set up a tent on a flat or relatively flat place, hammocks and platforms made of light metal structures are used, which are suspended from a rock by hammering rock hooks.

Bivouac in tourism

The peculiarity of organizing a bivouac by tourists is that the relief they overcome, as a rule, is more flat. Therefore, depending on the type of tourism, different types of bivouac equipment are used. When hiking or skiing, these are mainly tents, mats, and cooking equipment. In winter trips, special collapsible stoves are used, which are installed inside the tent for heating. Tourists take turns on duty at the burning stove to ensure safety and keep the fire going.

When organizing a tourist bivouac, unlike mountaineering, as a rule, a fire is organized for cooking and heating. Therefore, bivouac equipment includes: a saw, an ax, devices for hanging pots on fire, boilers intended for cooking.

Car campers have the option to bring significantly more bivouac equipment with them to ensure greater comfort, which may also include light portable furniture.

Bivouac in speleology

Speleology, sometimes referred to as "mountaineering in reverse", has its own requirements for the organization of bivouacs. These can be tents, hammocks, sleeping bags, cooking equipment, lighting and other equipment.

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An excerpt characterizing Bivak (sport)

The chief manager, a very stupid and cunning person, completely understanding the smart and naive count, and playing with him like a toy, seeing the effect produced on Pierre by prepared methods, more decisively turned to him with arguments about the impossibility and, most importantly, the uselessness of freeing the peasants, who, even without they were completely happy.
Pierre, in the secret of his soul, agreed with the manager that it was difficult to imagine people happier, and that God knows what awaited them in the wild; but Pierre, though reluctantly, insisted on what he thought was just. The manager promised to use all his strength to carry out the will of the count, clearly realizing that the count would never be able to believe him, not only whether all measures had been taken to sell forests and estates, to buy him out of the Council, but he would probably never ask and not learns how the buildings that have been built stand empty and the peasants continue to give with work and money everything that they give from others, i.e., everything that they can give.

In the happiest state of mind, returning from his southern journey, Pierre fulfilled his long-standing intention to call on his friend Bolkonsky, whom he had not seen for two years.
Bogucharovo lay in an ugly, flat area, covered with fields and felled and uncut spruce and birch forests. The manor's yard was at the end of a straight line, along the main road of the village, behind a newly dug, full-filled pond, with banks not yet overgrown with grass, in the middle of a young forest, between which stood several large pines.
The manor's yard consisted of a threshing floor, outbuildings, stables, a bathhouse, an outbuilding and a large stone house with a semicircular pediment, which was still under construction. A young garden was planted around the house. The fences and gates were strong and new; under a shed stood two fire chimneys and a barrel painted green; the roads were straight, the bridges were strong with railings. On everything lay the imprint of accuracy and thrift. When asked where the prince lived, the courtyards pointed to a small, new outbuilding, standing at the very edge of the pond. Prince Andrei's old uncle, Anton, let Pierre out of the carriage, said that the prince was at home, and escorted him to a clean, small entrance hall.
Pierre was struck by the modesty of a small, albeit clean, house after those brilliant conditions in which he last saw his friend in Petersburg. He hurriedly entered the small hall, still smelling of pine, not plastered, and wanted to go further, but Anton ran forward on tiptoe and knocked on the door.
- Well, what is there? - I heard a sharp, unpleasant voice.
“Guest,” answered Anton.
“Ask me to wait,” and a chair was pushed back. Pierre walked quickly to the door and came face to face with Prince Andrei, frowning and aging, coming out to him. Pierre hugged him and, raising his glasses, kissed him on the cheeks and looked at him closely.
“I didn’t expect it, I’m very glad,” said Prince Andrei. Pierre did not say anything; he stared at his friend in surprise, not taking his eyes off him. He was struck by the change that had taken place in Prince Andrei. The words were affectionate, there was a smile on the lips and face of Prince Andrei, but his eyes were dead, dead, to which, despite his apparent desire, Prince Andrei could not give a joyful and cheerful sheen. Not that he lost weight, turned pale, his friend matured; but this look and the wrinkle on the forehead, expressing a long concentration on one thing, amazed and alienated Pierre until he got used to them.
When meeting after a long separation, as always happens, the conversation could not stop for a long time; they asked and answered briefly about such things, about which they themselves knew that it was necessary to talk at a long time. Finally, the conversation began to stop little by little on what was previously said in fragments, on questions about the past life, about plans for the future, about Pierre's journey, about his studies, about the war, etc. That concentration and deadness, which Pierre noticed in the eyes of Prince Andrei, now expressed even more strongly in the smile with which he listened to Pierre, especially when Pierre spoke with animation of joy about the past or the future. As if Prince Andrei would have wished, but could not take part in what he was saying. Pierre began to feel that enthusiasm, dreams, hopes for happiness and goodness were not decent before Prince Andrei. He was ashamed to express all his new, Masonic thoughts, especially those renewed and aroused in him by his last journey. He restrained himself, was afraid to be naive; at the same time, he irresistibly wanted to quickly show his friend that he was now completely different, better Pierre than the one who was in Petersburg.
“I can’t tell you how much I have experienced during this time. I wouldn't recognize myself.
“Yes, we have changed a lot, a lot since then,” said Prince Andrei.
- Well, and you? - asked Pierre, - what are your plans?
– Plans? Prince Andrei ironically repeated. - My plans? he repeated, as if wondering at the meaning of such a word. - Yes, you see, I’m building, I want to move completely by next year ...
Pierre silently, intently peered into the aged face of (Prince) Andrei.
“No, I’m asking,” said Pierre, “but Prince Andrei interrupted him:
- What can I say about me... tell me, tell me about your journey, about everything that you did there on your estates?
Pierre began to talk about what he had done on his estates, trying as much as possible to hide his participation in the improvements made by him. Prince Andrei several times prompted Pierre in advance what he was telling, as if everything that Pierre did was a long-known story, and listened not only not with interest, but even as if ashamed of what Pierre was telling.
Pierre became embarrassed and even hard in the company of his friend. He fell silent.
- And here's what, my soul, - said Prince Andrei, who was obviously also hard and shy with the guest, - I'm here in bivouacs, and I came only to look. Today I'm going back to my sister. I will introduce you to them. Yes, you seem to know each other,” he said, obviously entertaining the guest with whom he now felt nothing in common. - We'll leave after lunch. And now you want to see my estate? - They went out and walked until dinner, talking about political news and mutual acquaintances, like people who are not close to each other. With some animation and interest, Prince Andrei spoke only about the new estate and building he was arranging, but even here, in the middle of the conversation, on the stage, when Prince Andrei was describing to Pierre the future location of the house, he suddenly stopped. - However, there is nothing interesting here, let's go to dinner and go. - At dinner, the conversation turned to the marriage of Pierre.
“I was very surprised when I heard about this,” said Prince Andrei.
Pierre blushed just as he always blushed at this, and hastily said:
"I'll tell you someday how it all happened." But you know that it's all over and for good.
- Forever? - said Prince Andrew. “Nothing happens forever.
But do you know how it all ended? Have you heard of the duel?