The position of the territory of the Far East on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean on Earth significantly influenced the characteristics of the region’s natural-territorial complexes and their location. Marine air masses arriving on land in summer are colder than the continent.
Therefore, due to the heat spent on warming them up, summer air temperatures over the coast are significantly lower than in the interior parts of the mainland. Sea air brings a lot of moisture, which leads to an increase in precipitation compared to inland areas.
These conditions are the main reason for the sharp shift in the south of the boundaries of natural zones in the Far East compared to mainland territories.
Using the atlas maps, determine how much further south in the Far East the border of the tundra and taiga zones is compared to Eastern Siberia.
The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: the structural features of the surface and the nature of vegetation. Let's consider the most typical physical and geographical regions of the Far East: the Chukotka tundra highlands, the Kamchatka young tundra-forested mountains, Sakhalin Island with coniferous-deciduous forests, the Ussuri taiga.
Chukotka Highlands. The climate of the Chukotka Highlands is one of the harshest in the Far East.
Therefore, the Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert.
In the north of the Chukotka Peninsula, the mountain tundra rises no higher than 100-200 m; in the south, the tundra is located much higher. Common inhabitants of the tundra are reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings and tundra partridges. Many waterfowl nest in the swampy lowland. On the coast of the Chukchi Sea there are walrus rookeries, and on the coastal cliffs there are bird colonies.
Kamchatka Peninsula. Kamchatka is a country of natural contrasts, extraordinary originality, and captivating beauty. Mountains, active and extinct volcanoes, vast valleys and lowlands, mountain and lowland rivers, cold and hot mineral springs - all this is on the peninsula.
This is one of the most remote corners of the country from the European center of Russia. About 2/3 of Kamchatka's area is occupied by mountains. This is an area of young folded volcanic mountains with tundra and forest vegetation. Two ridges stretch along the entire peninsula - Sredinny and Vostochny, separated by the Central Kamchatka depression with the Kamchatka River flowing through it. The ridges are topped with volcanic cones with snow caps and glaciers. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 30 active and more than 130 extinct volcanoes on the peninsula. One of the most active and highest volcanoes in the world is Klyuchevskaya Sopka, its height is 4750 m.
Find the active volcanoes of Kamchatka on the map in the atlas, write their names on the contour map. Remember the names.
Active volcanic activity affects many other features of nature. Thus, as a result of eruptions, soils periodically receive additional portions of primary minerals, which ensures their high fertility.
The science of volcanology deals with the prediction of volcanic eruptions. Almost all large volcanoes have special stations where, with the help of modern instruments, they monitor the temperature of rocks, conduct chemical analyzes of gases, and listen to the crater of the volcano. In a few days, it is possible to predict the beginning of increased volcanic activity and warn residents of surrounding towns and villages.
Volcanologists are people in a dangerous profession. Sometimes they have to work on flows of lava that has not yet cooled down, go down into the crater of a volcano, be under “fire” from hot stones, near hot lava with a temperature of about +1300°C.
Climate of Kamchatka characterized by excess humidity throughout the year. The driest and warmest place is the Central Kamchatka depression.
Explain the distribution of heat and moisture in Kamchatka, comparing the climatic and physical maps of the atlas and textbook.
Rice. 131. Volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous and birch park forests. The specificity of this subzone is the predominance of small-leaved trees (stone and Japanese birches) over conifers and the widespread occurrence of tall grasses.
Stone birch has gray or reddish bark and a thick curly crown: the height of the trees usually does not exceed 10 m. Due to the curvature of the trunk, stone birch is little used in construction, but is mainly used for firewood and crafts. However, stone birch forests play an important water and soil protection role.
Among the herbs, shelomaynik, cornflower, bear's pipe and other umbelliferous are common.
The mountain ranges are covered with thickets of dwarf cedar and shrubby alder; even higher are mountain tundras, alpine meadows and the snow zone of Kamchatka glaciers.
Rice. 132. Scheme of monsoon circulation in summer and winter (arrows indicate wind direction, numbers indicate atmospheric pressure, in mb)
The dwarf cedar forests are inhabited by very large brown bears, Kamchatka sables, squirrels, chipmunks, lynx, Kamchatka nutcrackers, etc. Reindeer live in the mountain tundras, and bighorn sheep graze in the alpine mountain meadows.
Historical reference. The first information about Kamchatka was obtained from the “tales” (reports) of explorers. The honor of discovering Kamchatka belongs to Vladimir Atlasov, who made trips there in 1697-1699. Soon Kamchatka was included in Russia. He also drew up a drawing (map) of Kamchatka and gave a detailed description of it.
As a result of the First (1725-1730) and Second (1733-1743) Kamchatka expeditions under the leadership of the famous Russian navigator Vitus Bering, the separation of Asia and North America was confirmed, the Aleutian and Commander Islands were discovered, maps were compiled, and valuable material about Kamchatka was collected. S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” is one of the classic works of geographical literature.
In the 19th century voyages from St. Petersburg to Russian America began with an obligatory stop at Kamchatka and Petropavlovsk. During this period, Petropavlovsk became Russia's main base in the Far East. The city is located on the shores of the unusually beautiful Avacha Bay, a part of Avacha Bay that juts deep into the land. Avachinskaya, Koryakskaya and Vilyuchinskaya hills rise above it.
Sakhalin is the largest island in Russia, its area is 76,400 km 2, its length from north to south is more than 900 km, its greatest width is 160 km, its smallest is 47 km.
What strait separates the island from the mainland and where is the border between Russia and Japan?
The island is mountainous, but the mountains are not high - the average height is 500-800 m. The highest point of the island is Mount Lopatina in the East Sakhalin Mountains. Its height is 1609 m above sea level. Sakhalin is located in the seismically active zone of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which is why frequent earthquakes occur within its borders. The last one, with a force of 8, occurred in 1995. The geological structure of Sakhalin consists mainly of sedimentary rocks, which are associated with deposits of oil, gas, and building materials.
A characteristic feature of the climate of Sakhalin- high relative humidity and frequent winds. Precipitation is clearly distributed over the seasons, which is explained by the dominance of the monsoon circulation.
The island has many short, rapids mountain rivers and mountain and valley lakes. The flora and fauna of the island are poorer than on the mainland. But in the adjacent sea waters there are preserved species that have disappeared or are very rare on the mainland, for example, the one and a half meter sea otter and the two-meter fur seal. In the north of the island you can find reindeer moss, and in the far south you can find blooming magnolias.
Two thirds of Sakhalin's territory is occupied by forests. In the north, light-coniferous taiga of Daurian larch with an admixture of birch and alder dominates; in the south - dark coniferous forests of Ayan spruce, fir with an admixture of broad-leaved species - oak, yew. Thickets of bamboo and vines are common throughout the south.
Primorye, or Primorsky Krai, is located in the southern part of the Far East, on the coast of the Sea of Japan. Its territory could easily accommodate such European countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland combined. The appearance of the region is characterized by numerous ridges, ridges and isolated hills. Tectonically they are quite young. Almost all the mountains of Primorye belong to the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin.
The monsoon climate, characteristic of the entire Far East, is most pronounced in Primorye.
In terms of the amount of solar heat, Primorye ranks one of the first places in Russia, not inferior to the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus.
Using the maps in the textbook, determine how much solar radiation the areas of Vladivostok receive and what is the duration of the frost-free period there.
Rice. 133. Ussuri Nature Reserve
The abundance of moisture in the summer contributes to the development of a thick vegetation cover. Most of the territory of Primorye is occupied by the famous Ussuri taiga, in which coniferous and broad-leaved species are combined in the most bizarre way. Cedar and larch grow next to Manchurian walnut and Amur velvet. Over 250 species of trees and shrubs grow in the forests of the region. Primorye occupies one of the first places in Russia in terms of the number of endemics - plants distributed only in this area. Only here do Amur velvet (cork tree), iron birch, etc. grow. There are many relict plants in the region that have been preserved since the Neogene.
The fauna of Primorye is diverse and rich. Endemics include the Ussuri tiger, the leatherback turtle, the remains of the Neogene and Quaternary fauna include the sika deer, the Ussuri black bear, the Amur goral antelope, the small graceful mandarin duck, striking in the beauty of its plumage, the ground thrush, etc.
Up to hundreds of species of fish live in the lakes and rivers of the region. In coniferous-deciduous forests there are many midges and ticks that cause harm to humans and animals.
Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov (1711-1755)
Stepan Petrovich Krasheninnikov - famous traveler, geographer, botanist, ichthyologist, ethnographer, historian and linguist - was born in Moscow on October 31 (XI 11), 1711.
In August 1733, S. Krasheninnikov was included in the Kamchatka expedition, whose task was to explore and describe little-known areas of Siberia and Kamchatka. During 1733-1736 S.P. Krasheninnikov studied the nature of Siberia, visited Tobolsk, Altai, Transbaikalia, Irkutsk, Yakutsk. From October 1737 to June 1741, Stepan Petrovich lived and worked in Kamchatka. The result of the expedition work was the publication of the work “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” (1756). It was read by scientists - geographers and historians, and writers, including A. S. Pushkin. A volcano in Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island, and a cape on Novaya Zemlya are named after the scientist-traveler.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky (1839-1888)
N. M. Przhevalsky is a famous Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia. For his services he was elected an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.
He made his first trip to the Ussuri region. After this, he led five large expeditions to Central Asia (from 1870 to 1888). Przhevalsky discovered the giant Altyn Tag ridge, visited Lake Lop Nor, described the sources of the Yellow River and the upper reaches of the Yangtze, explored the Taklamakan desert, discovered hundreds of species of plants and animals, including a wild horse, later called Przhevalsky's horse, and the Tibetan bear.
During the fifth expedition, N. M. Przhevalsky fell ill and died on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul in the city of Karakol.
The expeditions of M. I. Venyukov (1858), N. M. Przhevalsky (1867-1869), V. K. Arsenyev (1906-1910) were engaged in exploring the nature of the region.
Rice. 134. Research of the Far East
Natural uniqueness of the Far East. Valley of Geysers.
Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.
The most active volcanoes are on the Eastern volcanic plateau, elevated to 600-1000 m. Numerous geysers are associated with these volcanoes. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest landmark of Kamchatka, which was mentioned in “Description of the Land of Kamchatka” by S.P. Krasheninnikov. Geysers were first described in detail by G.I. Ustinova, an employee of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, in 1941. Having penetrated to the river, which later received the name Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River), she discovered several groups of geysers in a deep canyon-like gorge. Among them are Firstborn, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double, etc. - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating springs and more than 300 small ones, boiling and freely flowing. The largest geyser, the Giant, operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley. In 2007, the Valley of Geysers suffered from a mudflow.
Rice. 135. Autumn in the Primorsky Territory
Grand fir grove(Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify grand fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation.
Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above sea level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand km 2, average depth about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily, the leaves of which reach 2 m in diameter, and water chestnut.
Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) Nature Reserve(area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-leaved forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is the small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years old.
Questions and tasks
- Indicate what main factors form the basis of the physical-geographical zoning of the Far East, and name the most typical natural complexes for it.
- Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts of the Far East.
- Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka.
- What is the main difference between the natural complexes of the island parts of the Far East and the mainland?
- On a contour map of the area, place all the geographical objects indicated in the text, underline the names of those that are associated with the names of the researchers of the region.
Students will take a fascinating lesson-trip through the Russian Far East within 45 minutes. A bright presentation about the nature of the region, a mini-play, and a fascinating story from student guides will help children get acquainted with the natural complexes and unique things of this region of Russia.
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lesson by geography teacher MBOU "Secondary School No. 15 of Zelenodolsk RT" Jamili Nailievna Garipova on the topic "Natural complexes and unique features of the Far East."
Tasks:
educational– consider the features and main features of the nature of the Far East, expand and deepen students’ knowledge about the unique nature of the region;
developing – develop skills in working with additional literature and Internet resources; to intensify the cognitive activity of students, interdisciplinary connections;
educational – patriotic education, environmental education.
Methods: explanatory-illustrative, partially search, comparative, problematic.
Equipment: presentations, physical map of Russia, atlases, student reports.
Lesson format: lesson-travel.
Lesson type: combined.
During the classes:
- Organizing time.
- Frontal survey.
We continue to get acquainted with the Far East. What do we know about him?
Questions:
- How many kilometers does the Far East stretch from north to south?
- What oceans does it wash?
- Which of them has the greatest impact on the nature of the region?
- The region's topography is dominated by _____
- Why?
- What folded areas are represented in the east of the country.
- What processes are characteristic of areas of Cenozoic folding?
- What natural phenomenon is associated with them?
- In what climatic zones is the region located?
- Most of it?
- Name the rivers and lakes of the Far East.
- Why do most rivers in this region experience high water in the warm part of the year?
3. Studying new material.
The topic of the lesson is “Natural complexes, unique things of the Far East.”
State its purpose.
The purpose of the lesson: get acquainted with the peculiarities of the nature of large PCs of the Far East, with its unique ones.
The nature of the Far East is extraordinary. This region has many things that are not found anywhere else in Russia. Where else can you see a spruce entwined with grapes, a blue magpie or a black squirrel? Where else do birches grow: white, black, yellow, stone? Where else do tigers roam in the snow? Where can you see bears hibernating in tree hollows? Only here you can see bear fishing. Admire the fire-breathing volcano and look deep into the Earth.
Today we will go on a trip to the Far East. Your classmates will be your guides. The task of the class is to listen carefully, find objects on the map, take short notes, and be prepared for questions from our guides.
Where would you like to visit?
Let's start our journey with Chukotka.
Local residents joke: “It’s winter here for 12 months, and the rest of the year is summer.”
Slide show.
Two students act out the story “Chukotka” by Vasily Sadkovsky.
“A long time ago, when I was just getting used to life in Anadyr, the old-timers reassured me: “We have nothing yet, it’s like in Sochi in the summer - it’s warm, and the mosquitoes don’t really bite. Here at Cape Schmidt - yes, it’s terrible what’s going on there... I also took me to Cape Schmidt, I saw enough of boys flying off the roofs of two-story buildings on sleds - there were such snowdrifts. But the northerners were cheerful: “Okay, this is normal for us. Not like in Pevek. Can you imagine, stones are flying there!” And indeed, in Pevek there are such powerful winds - “yuzhaki” - that small pebbles whistle through the streets like bullets. “Oh, well, what a miracle! “And we all wear motorcycle glasses,” the Pevek residents showed me a set of rocker glasses for the whole family. - No way to knock out an eye! Here on the island of Aion!...
I visited the island of Aion, and we sat with our legs dangling over the cliff towards the Arctic Ocean with one of its few inhabitants. “It’s like we’re living on a weather vane,” he said joyfully. “If it blows from there, we’ll take cover here; if it blows from the other side, we’ll hide here.” The main thing is that the winds move horizontally. Nothing life! And here…".
Question for students:
How can you explain snowdrifts the size of a two-story house on Cape Schmidt? (Passage of cyclones along the Arctic front).
Kamchatka.
Reading historical information in the textbook by I.I. Barinova, p. 232.
Story about Kamchatka, slide show.
Features of Kamchatka FGP, relief.
Pages 33-34 – Behind the pages of a geography textbook.
Guys, I can’t get past this birch tree. Here it is called stone. This birch is the most ancient in origin of all the birches in the world. It appeared in pre-Quaternary times. Maybe that’s why, or maybe because of the constant furious winds from the Pacific Ocean, most of its trunks are twisted, as if hunched over from old age. And you can’t cut wood with an axe, it’s really stone. Stone birch lives, like oak, up to 500 or even more years, while ordinary birch does not survive 200 years.
Questions for students:
Who discovered Kamchatka?
What volcanoes did you meet?
Name the tallest one.
Name the geysers of Kamchatka.
Kurile Islands.
“Volcanoes Tyatya, Ivan the Terrible, Kucheryavy, Nemo, Trident, Bell, islands with names and unnamed - the Kuril underwater mountains with peaks on the surface stretch for more than a thousand kilometers. The depths in these places are such that if the ocean were drained, climbers would have to climb higher peaks than Chomolungma.
You can’t travel around the Kuril Islands by sea even with short stops in six months. Fogs. Typhoons. Rough currents in the straits between the islands. Treacherous pitfalls, marked on maps with the word “traps.” All this forces captains to be careful.”
Vasily Peskov “Journey with the New Moon.”
Waterfall Ilya Muromets.
Questions for students:
What is the origin of the Kuril Islands?
Name the largest islands of this ridge.
What is the height of the highest waterfall in Russia - Ilya Muromets?
Sakhalin island.
Guys, what do you know about Sakhalin Island? (the largest island off the coast of Russia, mainland in origin).
Page 232 textbooks, reading brief information about the island.
Sakhalin is unique not only for its impressive size, but its nature is no less unique.
“Sakhalin, as it were, set a goal, compressing three zones, to combine the subarctic, temperate taiga zone and subtropics, bypassing the steppe due to its excessive dampness. On Sakhalin, it’s easy to find larch and dwarf cedar, generated by the harshest living conditions; nearby there are bamboo and wild grape vines”, a blooming mognolia.
“For anyone who has not been to Sakhalin, it is probably difficult to imagine that under a burdock shelomaynka tree, almost 1.5 meters in diameter, two people can hide from the rain under an umbrella. It is impossible to place grass, for example Sakhalin buckwheat or butterbur 3 meters high, in a regular herbarium. Rarely did anyone pick blueberries at chest height. The umbrella plant bear root generally grows more than four meters long with a trunk like a subarctic larch.” (p. 145)
The history of the island is interesting. (p. 146)
The stories “Fish Island” and “A Little History” from the book “Living Geography” by Yu.P. Pimurzin.
Questions for students:
Name the highest point of the island (Mount Lopatina). Determine its absolute height and geographic coordinates.
What natural zones are represented on Sakhalin? (tundra, taiga, subtropics).
Ussuri taiga.
The Strait of Tartary separates the island from Primorye, which is the name of the territory of the Far East in its southern part.
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky made his first trip to the Ussuri region.
“When I saw this for the first time, I vividly imagined a picture of a tropical forest... tall trees, the striking appearance of a spruce entwined with grapes, a cork tree and a walnut, next to cedar and fir.”
A story about the Ussuri taiga, slide show.
A story about a lotus.(magazine “Geography at School” No. 3 2003)
In the Khingan Nature Reserve, located in the Amur region, the Komarov lotus lives. This is a perennial aquatic plant with a powerful rhizome (up to 2 meters), floating shield-shaped leaves up to 50 cm in diameter. Lotus flowers are large above water (up to 25 cm in diameter). The plant is listed in the Red Book.
Lotus is a tropical plant that is a relict of the Tertiary era. The great vitality of this relic is amazing! In 1933, lotus plants grown from seeds that were 400 years old bloomed in the famous Kew Botanical Gardens, near London. In 1961, in Japan, at a depth of 6 meters, a human site was found, where three lotus nuts were found. In the Tokyo Botanical Garden, they sprouted and the plants bloomed, although the seeds lay in the ground for 5,000 years.
Questions for students:
From the stories of our guides, you saw how unique and beautiful the nature of the Far East is. How can you explain its uniqueness?
Answers:
- Huge extent from north to south;
- Weak manifestation of glacial activity in Quaternary times;
- Permanent territorial unity with the rest of Asia and the past connection of Asia with America in the Bering Strait region.
Ecological situation in the region.
Nature itself makes its own adjustments to changing the appearance of the region. We saw this in the example of the Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka. But even greater, sometimes irreparable, interference in nature is caused by human activity.
What is it?
- Mining;
- Deforestation (and this is someone's home);
- Fishing (sometimes predatory);
- Hunting for land and sea animals;
- Industrial production;
- Radioactive contamination of the Sea of Japan.
What are the consequences of this intervention?
- Subsoil depletion;
- Reduction of forest areas and animal habitats;
- Depletion of fisheries resources;
- Disappearance of animals, disruption of biological systems;
- Pollution of water, air, soil, etc.
What ways can you suggest to solve the problems that have arisen?
Creation of nature reserves, national parks;
Use of modern treatment facilities;
High fines for environmental pollution and poaching;
4. Summing up the work in the lesson.
Grading.
5.Homework:
1. prepare a report on any reserve in the region;
or
2. On the map of the Far East you can find unusual names of geographical objects, for example,
Bay and Terpeniya Peninsula on the island. Sakhalin;
Strait of Hope on the Kuril Islands;
Some objects are named, e.g.
Peter the Great Bay in Primorye, Nevelskoy Strait between Sakhalin Island and the mainland, etc.
Continue the list. Perhaps someone will prepare a report on the brave pioneers whose names are on the geographical features of the map of the Far East.
The age of our planet is calculated not in hundreds or thousands of years, but in billions. During this time, various disasters occurred, the climate changed, and the appearance of the environment changed. As a result, a huge number of interesting natural attractions appeared. Russia is a huge country. Traveling from north to south, from west to east, you can see natural uniqueness that is not found anywhere else on Earth. These unusual corners of the country attract the attention of not only tourists, but also historians, archaeologists, and researchers.
Natural uniqueness of the Far East
The Kamchatka Peninsula is one of the unique places in the world. There is a rich flora and fauna here, special climatic conditions, and many more natural uniques. One of them is the Valley of Geysers. In the geothermal reserve, on an area of about 4 km 2, there are approximately two hundred fountains of boiling water, above which clouds of steam rise. All this happens against the backdrop of trees and lush grasses. The Valley of Geysers is one of the most visited places in Kamchatka. The grandiose fir grove, which is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve, is considered a unique place on the peninsula. The tree belongs to pre-glacial, very ancient vegetation. The diameter of the fir trunk is about 25 cm, it grows up to 13 m in height. The needles smell very pleasant and contain essential oils.
Unique is a place that is not found anywhere else in the world; this is exactly what it is. In the Far East, it ranks first in size. The lake is unique in that 13 rivers flow into it. There is a lot of fish in Khanka, and also the giant water lily, lotus, and water chestnut grow here. The Lazovsky Nature Reserve is interesting for its wildlife. Sika deer, hazel grouse, tigers, sables, red deer, lynxes, wild boars, and pheasants live here. Also located on the territory of the reserve is a natural and archaeological attraction of Primorye.
Amazing places of the Urals
Various creations of nature are scattered throughout the world. There are also a lot of interesting places in the Urals that are worth visiting. The Ilmensky ridge is located in this part of Russia; its depths store unique minerals that are not found anywhere else in the world. That is why a mineralogical reserve was created here. Unique is a place that amazes the imagination with its beauty. Not far from the city of Asbest lies the region of gems, there are a lot of accumulations of precious stones and one of the largest caves in the world can be called a natural uniqueness. In the process of its formation, underground waters took an active part, washing out and dissolving part of the anhydrites and gypsum. The cave has four tiers of passages, 58 grottoes, 16 of which are available for inspection by tourists.
Lake Baikal is the largest source of fresh water
The world's deepest freshwater lake is located in the south of Eastern Siberia. If you compile a list of “Natural record holders and unique ones of Russia”, then Baikal will undoubtedly take one of the leading places. The lake and its coastal areas are rich in diverse flora and fauna. The area occupied by Lake Baikal could accommodate an entire country, for example Belgium. This is the deepest lake on the planet, the water in it is incredibly clean, and mineralization is weakly expressed. There are 22 islands on Baikal. The area here is very beautiful, there are steep cliffs, impressive waterfalls, and taiga untouched by man. There is a nature reserve on Baikal whose goal is to preserve and restore the population of sable, seal, brown bear, deer and other animals.
Handsome Elbrus
In the northern part of the Main Caucasus Range is the highest mountain in Russia and throughout Europe. Natural uniqueness from different regions of Russia cannot compete with the main attraction of the Caucasus - the “two-headed” Elbrus. A thousand years ago, the mountain was an active volcano, which later went extinct and was covered with glaciers. Here and there on Elbrus you can find mineral and thermal springs that emit chloride and sulfuric acid gases; they are reminiscent of the past of this handsome man, when he roared throughout the entire area, spewing lava. The mountain is covered by huge areas of glaciers that feed mountain and valley rivers. About 100 thousand people climb Elbrus every year, because climbing does not require special preparation.
Ussuri taiga
The forests of the Primorsky Territory, which are a mixture of subtropical and Siberian vegetation, occupy a special place in the forest zone of the country. The local uniqueness is a combination of two worlds. Animals and birds of the tropics and Siberia coexist nearby. In summer, heat-loving creatures settle here. With the arrival of winter, birds fly to tropical countries, and animals hibernate. With the onset of the cold season, birds of northern species fly to the taiga. This area attracts tourists and researchers with its beautiful landscapes, abundance of different species of birds, animals, insects, many of which are listed in the Red Book.
Weathering pillars
There is an amazing geological uniqueness located here - the so-called Mansi blockheads. The natural monument is also known as “Weathering Pillars”. These are stone figures of bizarre shapes, located in hard-to-reach places. Archaeologists claim that nature itself created them over 200 million years. The pillars are shrouded in legends and myths; local peoples revered them and considered them sacred. Today, this miracle of nature can be seen by everyone, although getting to it will require a lot of effort.
These are just a few natural unique places. Russia is a rich and beautiful country, with many interesting places with a rich history on its territory.
Home > AbstractNatural uniqueness of the Far East.Teacher : Let's listen to the messages of your classmates about the natural uniqueness of the Far East Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers. Most active volcanoes are on the Eastern volcanic plateau, composed of lava covers, tuffs, ash and an elevation of up to 600-1000 m. These volcanoes are associated with We have numerous geysers. The Valley of Geysers is the biggest attraction of Kamchatka. Geysers were first discovered by an employee of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve G.I. Ustinova in 1941, penetrating to the river, which later received the name Geysernaya (a tributary of the Shumnaya River). Here, in a deep canyon-like gorge, there are several groups of geysers. Among them are “First-born”, “Giant”, “Triple”, “Fountain”, “Pearl-stranger”, “Double” and others - a total of 20 geysers, 10 large pulsating sources and more than 300 small, boiling and freely pouring out. The largest geyser, “Giant,” operates in a very original way. Its eruption does not last long - two minutes, but thick steam continues to rise for another 10-15 minutes, covering the adjacent parts of the valley. Grand fir grove(Kamchatka) on the eastern coast of Kamchatka is part of the Kronotsky Nature Reserve. These are unusually slender and beautiful trees, their height reaches 13 m, trunk diameter is 20-25 cm, the needles contain essential oils and smell pleasant. Botanists classify the grandiose fir as an ancient (pre-glacial) vegetation. Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. Located at an altitude of 69 m above ocean level. Its length is up to 95 km, width up to 65 km, area more than 4 thousand square meters. km, average depth is about 4 m. 13 rivers flow into it. The lake is rich in fish. The lake is home to a relict lotus plant, a giant water lily whose leaves reach 2 m in diameter, and a water chestnut. Lazovsky (Sudzukhinsky) reserve (area 116.5 thousand hectares) on the coast of the Sea of Japan, in the cedar-broad-leaved forests of which tigers, lynxes, sables, bears, wild boars, sika deer and wapiti, pheasants and hazel grouse live. Part of the reserve is the small (about 30 hectares) Petrov Island, located 1 km from the shore of Xiaohe Bay. Petrov Island is an archaeological and natural landmark of Primorye. It was inhabited several centuries ago. In the relict yew grove, some trees reach 200-300 years. IV. Consolidating new material- mark geographical objects on a contour map - what are the main factors that form the basis for the zoning of the Far East - what type of climate is typical for the region - Compare the natural complexes of the northern and southern parts of the Far East, indicate their significant differences. 3. Describe the natural complexes of Kamchatka. - What is the main difference between the natural complexes of the island parts of the Far East from the mainland ones? VI. Homework instruction Paragraph 42, start filling out the table, prepare contour maps Topic: Population and economic development of the Far East Lesson objectives: 1. Study the population and specialization of the economy of the economic region. Show the influence of the characteristics of the EGP on the development of the economy of the Far East. 2. Improve the ability to work according to a standard plan, analyze statistical data, atlas maps. Students should know: 1. EGP of the Far East.2. Population and specialization of the region's economy. 3. Lack of labor resources . Students should be able to: 1. Perform practical tasks on a contour map.2. Be able to analyze statistical data, atlas maps. 3. Show nomenclature objects. Lesson type: Workshop with lecture elements.Lesson equipment: Physical and economic maps of the Far East. Map of the distribution and population density of the Far East. Statistical table “Territory and population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.” Assignments for practical work.
During the classes.
| 1. Org. moment.2. FNZ.2.1.Population of the Far East.2.2.Working with thematic maps of the atlas.2.3. Work in groups.2.4. Compiling a table by students.3.Practicalwork: “Identification of features and problems of development of the Far East.4. Summing up the lesson.5. Homework. | Communicating the goals and objectives of the lesson. For a long time, the area remained sparsely populated. During the years of Soviet power, the population grew 8 times, but despite this, there is a constant need for labor resources. The intensity of migration is the highest in the country. Currently, there is an outflow of population from the north. The urban population predominates. Using the political-administrative and religious map of the population of Russia, name the peoples and language families living in the Far East. Using the map of population distribution and density, name and show the large and largest cities of the Far East. Give a description of the population density of the Far East. Specialization of the economy. The economic specialization of the region is mining production of non-ferrous metallurgy, forestry, and fish processing industries. According to natural and economic conditions, zones are distinguished: 1. In the south, the fertile plains of the Amur Region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories are inhabited. The monsoon climate provides good conditions for agriculture and human life. Industry, population and main cities are concentrated along the Trans-Siberian Railway. South Yakutsk (coal, electric power, metallurgy) and Amur (Komsomolsk-on-Amur - mechanical engineering centers) are formed. In the Magadan region and the Sakha Republic, the harsh conditions of the north complicate the economic development of the territory. The main transport axes are the river. Lena, Northern Sea Route. On the Pacific coast, Kamchatka, Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, economic development is hampered by the weak development of the social sphere and transport. Development prospects: 1. Creation of technopolises; 2. In the south, develop the fuel industry, electric power, mechanical engineering, defense industry.1. Parts of the region (north, south, east). 2. Specialization (for each region). 3. Factors stimulating the development of this production (fertile lands, monsoon climate, unfavorable natural conditions, access to the ocean). 1. Features of EGP.2. Economic development of the region. 3. Problems of the Far East and ways to solve them. 4. Economic ties of the Far East, promoting its development.1. How does the EGP of the Far East influence the development of the region’s economy?2. Describe the structure of the economy of the Far East. What industries can be called industries of specialization?3. The Far East is a territory with a free economic zone in the Nakhodka region. What do you think caused the creation of a free economic zone here?4. Using Figure 88 (p. 327 of the textbook), analyze the process of interaction between the Far East and other economic regions of Russia. 5. Conduct an analysis of the main statistical indicators of the economy of the Far East.1. § 63.2. Complete the practical work: “Identifying the features and problems of the development of the Far East.”3. Learn geographical nomenclature on the topic “Far East”. |
During the classes
- Organizing time.
- Repetition and testing of knowledge
- Almost the entire territory of the Far East belongs to the region of Cenozoic folding. The area experiences frequent earthquakes and seaquakes. The main precipitation in the south of the Far East falls in winter. Far Eastern rivers are predominantly flat. The Amur is the largest waterway in the Far East. The largest lake in the region is Khanka. The flora and fauna of the Far East are poorer. Than Siberia and the European part of Russia. The Klyuchevskaya Sopka volcano is located on the island. Sakhalin. Primorye has a monsoon climate. The Ussuri tiger lives in the taiga of the Far East. The shores of the Far East are washed by 3 seas. Whales and seals are found in the Chukchi Sea.
The motto of the lesson: “Who, if not us?
When, if not now?
Educational goals: 1. Formation of independent activity of students in groups when assessing the natural resource potential and specialization of the economic region. 2. Be able to analyze cause-and-effect relationships. 3. Work on general educational skills: generalize and compare, listen, be able to answer questions to the point. 4. Build key competencies. Equipment: Physical and political-administrative map of the Far East, landscapes of the Far East. Methods and forms of educational activities: Using an interactive method. Collective work in groups to discuss questions posed by the teacher using Brainstorming. Work organization: 1. Creation of four groups and appointment of commanders. 2. Give an advanced task on the topic: Economy of the Far East (grade 9), The Far East is a land of contrasts (grade 8). 3. Development of working conditions in groups. 4. Organizing the design of the classroom and workplaces in groups. On the teaching tables there is all the necessary material prepared for the lesson (textbooks, atlas, messages, statistics). During the classes: The teacher names the topic of the lesson and its goals. Represents group commanders. Motivational-target block: "Guys! Today we are at the beginning of May, and we will pass through the last economic region of our country. Behind are ten studied economic regions. When studying them, we noted that Russia is a huge country with diverse natural conditions and resources, living conditions of people, and a history of development. Each territory specializes in the production of several types of products and services that it provides to other regions of the country. The Far East is no exception. This is a land of contrasts and natural uniqueness. During the lesson, we will once again be convinced that our Motherland is beautiful. And the people living on this land, through their labor, contribute to the prosperity of Russia.” The teacher comes to the board and reads the motto of the lesson: “Who, if not us? When, if not now? First question to commanders: How do you understand this motto in relation to the Far East? The commanders discuss the lesson motto and take turns expressing their opinions. At the end of the discussion, the teacher makes a conclusion. Conclusion : The Far East is Russian, although there are territorial claims from the “maritime neighbor”. This is a huge territory, remote from the main economic regions of the West. Along with its problems, the Far East is of great importance in the country's economy. The countries of the Pacific region are rapidly developing and, in order to keep up, large financial, scientific, and labor “infusions” into this economic region are needed. Support from all economic regions of the country is needed. Already today, people living in this region should feel changes, which means it is necessary to develop promising directions for the development of the region. Second question: What is the uniqueness of natural conditions and resources and their impact on the economy of the Far East? Questions by group: First group. Climatic conditions and their impact on the economy of the region. Second group. Mineral resources and the possibility of their use on the farm. Third group. Water resources and their use in the economy. Fourth group. Biological resources and their influence on the farm. Groups discuss the issue (5-7 minutes) using the necessary literature and maps. The teacher guides and supports the students. First group: The coastal location of the Far East determined the climate. In the north the climate is harsh. The coldest temperatures in the northern hemisphere are recorded here. In the south there is a monsoon climate with moderate temperatures, which determines the development of agriculture (soybeans, rice, corn, vegetables). The abundance of moisture in the summer contributes to the development of a thick vegetation cover (Ussuri taiga). In terms of its climatic conditions, the south of Primorye is not inferior to the resorts of the Caucasus and Crimea and is used for tourism and the organization of resort facilities (Russian Artek). Second group: In the economy of specialization, rich and varied mineral resources occupy an important place. There are rich deposits of non-ferrous ores (tin, lead, zinc, mercury) and rare metals (diamonds, gold), polymetals, which determine the specialization of this region. Gas, oil, and coal are produced on Sakhalin Island. They are already working for the Russian economy, but most of the deposits are poorly explored and are located in difficult natural conditions and lack of transport. (The student works with a map, shows deposits of mineral resources). Third group: The Far East has a fairly dense river system and has great potential for hydroelectric power stations (the Zeya, Bureya, Amur rivers) and river transport. (Students analyze Figure 43 §23 and Table 3 in the appendix of V.P. Dronov’s textbook. Students make reports about the Belibino NPP, about hydrothermal sources, and summarize that the specialization of the Far East is electric power.) Fourth group: Marine fishing for valuable species of fish and marine animals is important in the specialization of the Far East. The fish catch here is 70% of the national total. 31% of Russia's timber is concentrated here. The Ussuri taiga is rich in medicinal plants (schisandra, ginseng) and animals (more than 30 species of fur-bearing animals). The teacher sums up the results of the second round. Opens the second half of the board and, together with the groups, writes down the specialization of the Far East: 1. Fish (food)2. Lesnaya3. Non-ferrous metallurgy4. Electrical power industry5. Maritime transport Students write down the Far East specialization in their notebooks. Third question. What are the main problems of the Far East? What are the ways to solve them? (Groups discuss the question for 3-4 minutes and take turns answering.)1. Distance of the Far East from the Center.2. Undeveloped, unpopulated North.3. Natural hazards.4. Poaching and theft of national wealth.5. Outflow of population from the region. Solutions.1. Integrated development of the economy.2. Creation of socio-economic conditions.3. Cooperation with countries of the Asia-Pacific region.4. More efficient use of SEZ.5. Development of transport networks and reduction in the cost of travel from Moscow to Vladivostok. Fourth question. "Brainstorm"1. Why does the Far East have a more powerful navy than the Black Sea and Northern Fleet.2. What is pantocrine?3. What new administrative-territorial formations have occurred in the Far East?4. What are kimberlite pipes?5. Which sea has the highest ebbs and flows in Russia? The teacher sums up the results and announces grades to the groups. Thanks the guys for their cooperation. Homework : §63 repeat. Assignment: draw an “image of the area.” Using conventional icons, depict the main differences of the Far East in the form of a coat of arms, diagram, drawing. Be able to verbally analyze your drawing. Russia in the modern world 4 hours 66 Russia and CIS countries (study of one or a group of states) 67 Relations between Russia and other countries.Problems of including Russia in world processes. The place and role of Russia in the world economy
After the collapse of the USSR, Russia found itself far removed inland - to the northeast. As a result, most of the railways and highways, pipelines, and air routes pass through the territory of foreign countries, which significantly worsens the economic situation for Russia. Considering the fact that 70% of the territory of the Russian Federation is located in zones with harsh climatic conditions and only 35% of Russian agricultural land receives enough solar heat for the ripening of grain crops, the country's food supply has become rather weak due to a sharp decrease in yield and gross grain harvest. Russia inherited 60% of the economic potential of the USSR. However, as a result of subsequent long-term underfunding, its most important part: fixed production assets (especially their active part - machinery and equipment) wore out. As a result, by the second half of the 90s, about 70% of fixed assets had a service life of 20 years or more, i.e. need immediate replacement. The Russian Federation inherited approximately 70% of the USSR's foreign economic relations. However, it should be noted that their further development did not follow. A way out of this situation in new conditions for Russia may be the development of world economic relations and integration into the world economy. The place and role of any country in the world economy, the international division of labor and the internationalization of economic life depend on many factors. However, the main ones are: the level and dynamics of development of the national economy, the degree of its openness and involvement in MRT, the progressiveness and development of foreign economic relations (FER), the ability of the national economy to adapt to the conditions of international economic life and at the same time influence them in the direction desired ( interaction with international financial, credit and economic organizations), the presence of transnational corporations. The experience of Western European integration and some other successfully developing economic groups suggests that the basis of this process is taking shape at the micro level, in the form of mutually beneficial cooperation between specific companies, banks, financial and industrial groups, their joint investment projects, the creation of mixed enterprises, etc. With many points of view regarding the ways of including Russia in world integration processes, it is certain that a successful solution to this problem will ultimately depend, firstly, on the improvement of the country’s economy along the path of its structural restructuring and transition to market economic conditions, and secondly , from creating effective legislative, organizational, material and technical prerequisites for this. When it comes to economic recovery and structural adjustment, this requires effort, time and resources. Significantly less effort is required to create the necessary legislative framework and favorable conditions for Russia's direct involvement in international integration processes. As an analysis of the problems of integration into the world economy of other countries shows, the main condition for creating a viable economy in the transition period is its openness. In an open economy, world market prices directly or indirectly determine prices for domestic products and do this much more effectively than any government agency. This condition is necessary for the Russian economy, since in this case Russian producers will have one legal path to prosperity - increasing the quality and competitiveness of products, expanding their production while reducing costs. Naturally, the transition to an open economy is a purposeful process, carried out step by step in such a way that external competition does not turn from a factor of creation into a factor of destruction of the Russian economy. An important advantage of an open economy is its importance in the fight against monopolism. Noting the role of the world market as a powerful means of combating monopolism and solving the problem of the effective functioning of the national economy in the transition period, it is necessary to proceed from the fact that the country’s economy should be made open only under the condition of an economic assessment and economic protection of its resources. Only in this case can one avoid the risks of negative manifestations in the economy under the influence of its openness and obtain positive results from the impact of the world economy and the world market on the Russian economy in these conditions. Practice shows that at present, due primarily to geographical reasons, the need for Russia’s larger-scale participation in solving global problems of mankind (development of the World Ocean, environmental problems, regulation of the world economy, etc.) becomes urgent. In this case, Russia's global approach to participation in world affairs should become a core part of the national interest. However, the active participation of Russia, like any other country, in solving global problems through national interest requires full participation in the work of international multilateral structures, which include financial, credit, economic, specialized and regional UN organizations, for example the UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank (WB), regional economic commissions.STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
SAMARA REGION SECONDARY SCHOOL No. 8 "Educational Center" of the city of Novokuibyshevsk, urban district of Novokuybyshevsk, Samara region
Geography lesson in 8th grade on the topic:
“Natural complexes of the Far East. Natural Uniques"
first category geography teacher
GBOU Secondary School No. 8 "OTs" Novokuybyshevsk
2014
Lesson type: combined.
Goals and objectives
To form an idea of the diversity of PCs in the region.
Continue to develop the ability to independently compile a PC description.
To form geographical images of the natural uniqueness of the Far East.
Means of education: maps of the Far East, natural areas of Russia, video film, computer, media projector.
Methods and forms of training: mini-lecture from the teacher about the diversity of PCs in the region; characteristics of individual PCs by students.
Main content. Harsh climatic conditions in the north of the region. The Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert. Kamchatka is a country of volcanoes and geysers. Vulcanology is the science of volcanism. The largest island of Russia, Sakhalin, is a kingdom of coniferous-deciduous forests. Primorye is an area of pronounced monsoon climate. Natural uniqueness of the Far East.
Nomenclature. Khabarovsk, La Perouse Strait, Shelikhov Bay, Long Strait, Bering Strait, Chersky Ridge, Wrangel Island.
Lesson Plan
Lesson stage | Content (goal) of the stage | Time (min.) | |
Organizational moment | Checking readiness for the lesson | ||
Geographical dictation | Check your understanding of definitions and nomenclature on the topic: “nature of the Far East” | ||
Learning new material | To form an idea of the diversity of the region’s medical and training complex. To form geographical images of the natural uniqueness of the Far East | ||
Homework message | Explain the content of homework |
During the classes
Organizing time
Checking readiness for the lesson, a quick look at the contour maps.
Check of knowledge
Geographical dictation: indicate in numbers on the outline map (Appendix):
Option 1: Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Dzhugdzhur ridge, Koryak Highlands, Chukotka Highlands, Amur River, Sea of Okhotsk, Peter the Great Bay, Tatar Strait, Cape Dezhnev.
Option 2: Kuril Islands, Chukotka Peninsula, Sikhote-Alin Range, Sredinny Range, Kolyma Highlands, Lake Khanka, Bering Sea, Anadyr Bay, Bering Strait, Cape Lopatka.
After the dictation, students check each other’s work: one or two inaccuracies – “4”, three or four – “3”, five or more – “2”.
Learning new material
In a mini-lecture, the teacher characterizes the nature of the Chukotka Plateau, Sakhalin Island, and also talks about the history of the development of the Far East.
The Far East has a unique position - on the border of the largest continent and the largest ocean on Earth.
The physical-geographical zoning of the Far East is based on two factors: the structural features of the surface and the nature of vegetation. The most typical physical and geographical regions of the Far East: the Chukotka Plateau, the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, Primorsky Krai.
Chukotka Highlands. The climate is one of the harshest. The Chukotka Plateau is a combination of flat and mountain tundras with a mountainous Arctic desert.
Common inhabitants are reindeer, arctic fox, lemmings, and tundra partridges.
Kamchatka Peninsula. 2/3 of the territory is occupied by mountains. From time to time, Kamchatka is shaken by volcanic eruptions. There are about 30 active and 130 extinct volcanoes. One of the most active is Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4750m).
The Kamchatka Peninsula occupies a subzone of coniferous and birch park forests. Small-leaved trees predominate (stone and Japanese birch). In the dwarf cedar forests you can find brown bear, Kamchatka sable, squirrel, and lynx.
Sakhalin- the largest island in Russia. A characteristic feature of Sakhalin's climate is high relative humidity and frequent winds.
Rare species of animals have been preserved here - a one and a half meter sea otter, a fur seal. In the north you can find reindeer moss, and in the south you can find blooming magnolias.
Primorsky Krai– located in the southern part of the Far East. The monsoon climate in Primorye is most pronounced.
Most of Primorye is occupied by the Ussuri taiga, where coniferous and broad-leaved species are combined. Only here do Amur velvet, Manchurian walnut, and iron birch grow. The fauna is also unique - the Ussuri tiger, the mandarin duck, etc.
Natural uniqueness.
Valley of Geysers. Eastern Kamchatka is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers. You can see such geysers as Firstborn, Giant, Triple, Fountain, Pearl, Double.
Amur river. There are unique islands on the river. Among them, some are very small, some look like a drop. Islands undergo continuous changes - they appear and disappear, “float” down the river or move up against the current.
Grove of Kamchatka fir. Unusually slender and beautiful trees. Botanists classify it as pre-glacial vegetation.
Lake Khanka- the largest in the Far East. It is rich in fish; a relict plant, the lotus, grows on the lake.
Lazovsky Reserve. Located on the coast of the Sea of Japan.
Consolidation
Explain the reasons for the diversity of PCs in the Far East?
Tell us about the features of the nature of Kamchatka.
Homework
§ 42, prepare information about the reserves of the Far East.
Bibliography
Barinova I.I. Lesson developments on Russian geography: 8th grade: to the textbook by I.I. Barinova “Geography of Russia: 8th grade” / I.I. Barinova. – M.: Publishing house “Exam”, 2008. – 399 p.
Barinova I.I. Geography of Russia. Nature. 8th grade: textbook. for general education institutions/ I.I. Barinova. – 12th ed., stereotype. – M.: Bustard, 2008. – 285 p.
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